DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e219108

Authors: Piero Visconti, Néstor Fernández, Jeremy Dertien, Martin Jung, Louise O'Connor, Martina Viti, Miguel B. Araújo, Joana Bores, Thiago Cavalcante, Marta Cimatti, Alessandra D'Alessio, Marco Davoli, Moreno Di Marco, Simone Prestes Dürrnagel, Claudia Fornarini, Carla Freund, Marek Giergiczny, Sandra Grego, Dagmar Haase, Tom Hackbarth, Maria Hällfors, Virgilio Hermoso, Heini Kujala, Alexandra Marques, Hildegard Meyer, Francisco Moreira, Laetitia M. Navarro, Emmanuel Oceguera-Conchas, Matea Osti, Michela Pacifici, Bárbara Pais, Cristian-Remus Papp, Aimara Planillo, Nikolaj Poulsen, Marie-Caroline Prima, Carlo Rondinini, Sofie Ruysschaert, Luca Santini, Rafaela Schinegger, Aafke Schipper, Marit Schnepf, Carina Seliger, Sara Si-Moussi, Douglas Spencer, Zulima Tablado, Wilfried Thuiller, Evelyn Underwood, Camille Venier-Cambron, Peter H. Verburg, Manuel Wolff, Henrique M. Pereira

Abstract: This report synthesises NaturaConnect’s scientific findings and practical guidance for planning and implementing a coherent, connected and resilient Trans-European Nature Network (TEN-N).

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e218492

Authors: Stella Piipponen-Doyle, Lara Lebleu

Abstract: The EU’s Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 (EU BDS 2030) sets out the EU’s approach to protecting nature and reversing the degradation of ecosystems and serves as the EU’s key instrument for implementing the Kunming- Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. It also provides a framework for the coordination and alignment of other biodiversity-related policies and legislation, such as the Habitats and Birds Directives, to meet national, European and global biodiversity goals. The EU BDS 2030 includes 16 targets and six sub-targets to be met by 2030, to achieve the overall objective of putting Europe’s biodiversity on a path to recovery by 2030 for the benefit of people, climate and the planet (European Commission, 2020). To meet these targets, the EU and its Member States have committed to implementing a set of 102 actions and sub-actions by 2030 (European Commission, n.d.). Each of these measures represents an entry point where Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) could be used to support the implementation of the EU BDS 2030. The European Commission’s Knowledge Centre for Biodiversity (KCBD) has also developed tools to monitor progress towards implementing the EU BDS 2030, including the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 Dashboard , which includes a set of indicators to track progress towards the targets. Initially, this Dashboard included 16 indicators covering 8 of the 16 targets.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e216039

Authors: Louise O'Connor, Kyle J Brumm, Daniele Baisero, Andrew Plumptre, Carla Freund, Matea Osti, Jutta Beher, Thiago Cavalcante, Marta Cimatti, Marco Davoli, Jeremy Dertien, Gabrielle Deschamps, Moreno Di Marco, Néstor Fernández, Giergiczny Marek, Tom Hackbarth, Anandi Sarita Namasivayam, Michela Pacifici, Henrique Pereira, Nikolaj Rauff-Poulsen, Aafke Schipper, Sara Si-Moussi, Douglas Spencer, Marianne Tzivanopoulos, Camille Venier-Cambron, Peter Verburg, Magali Weissgerber, Heini Kujala, Piero Visconti, Martin Jung

Abstract: This deliverable presents an integrated pan-European spatial planning framework to identify priorities for protected area expansion, strict protection and restoration, supporting the development of a Trans-European Nature Network (TEN-N). Using high-resolution data on biodiversity, nature's contributions to people (NCP), climate resilience, ecological corridors and socio-economic costs, we developed 144 alternative spatial prioritisation scenarios varying in their planning criteria and preferences such as nature's values and the sharing of area targets among European countries and biogeographic regions. The performance of priority areas was then evaluated across a range of metrics, notably measuring the benefits for species and habitats, NCP, climate resilience and ecological connectivity. Strategically expanding protected areas by an additional 5% of European land (from 25% currently protected to 30%) could significantly increase habitat representation from 49% to 69%, and species representation from 33% to 45%, while also securing key areas for ecosystem services, carbon, connectivity and climate-resilience. Similarly, expanding strict protection to 10% in strategically placed priority areas could increase habitat representation from 8.0% to 54% (i.e. a 7-fold increase) and species representation from 4.7% to 27% (6-fold increase). Restoration priorities could restore 24% of potential species distributions and 31% of potential habitat distributions, both within and outside protected areas. A complementary scoping analysis using the Key Biodiversity Area Secretariat's tool found that up to 46% of the priority areas identified could potentially meet global KBA criteria, highlighting that the pan-European priority areas also have substantial potential to contribute to global biodiversity conservation. The resulting spatial datasets provide a blueprint for conservation, strict protection, restoration and ecological connectivity, supporting countries and planning authorities in developing pathways towards a coherent and resilient TEN-N.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e216165

Authors: Jeremy Dertien, Diogo Alagador, Tom Hackbarth, Louise O'Connor, Peter Verburg, Piero Visconti, Néstor Fernández

Abstract: Ensuring an adequate and resilient protected area network requires an understanding of how ecological connectivity will be maintained into the future. We used Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) and Nature Future Framework (NFF) scenarios to investigate the impacts of future land-use and climate on the structural and functional connectivity of the European protected area network. Furthermore, NFF scenarios included an expanded Trans-European Nature Network (TEN-N) in its projections of future land use allowing for the comparison of futures with and without an expanded and connected network. We used circuit-theory and graph-based approaches developed in previous NaturaConnect analyses to quantify changes in connectivity metrics that result from climate and land-use changes and the inclusion of TEN-N. We modelled omnidirectional connectivity and calculated graph metrics for four different species archetypes across the six different future scenarios. We found that there was a substantial decrease in cost distance (i.e., permeability increased) for the species archetypes when considering the NFF scenarios and SSP1, while cost distance increased within SSP3 and especially SSP2 scenarios. Probability of connectivity was also much improved with the inclusion of TEN-N, especially for the Nature for Nature scenario and for large carnivores and bats. Comparisons of key priority corridors identified from omnidirectional models highlighted persistent consensus corridors across scenarios and emerging priority areas for connectivity restoration.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e210479

Authors: W. Daniel Kissling, Tom Breeze, Camino Liquete, Anne Lyche Solheim, Ian McCallum, Joachim Maes, Tim Hirsch, Maria Lumbierres, Roy Van Grunsven, Pedro Beja, Bruno Smets, Cesar Capinha, Ana Ceia-Hasse, Néstor Fernández, Francisco Moreira, Jessi Junker, Florian Leese, Lluís Brotons, Alejandra Morán Ordóñez, Simon Potts, Joana Santana, Jose Valdez, Ingolf Kühn, Marija Milanovic, Astrid Schmidt-Kloiber, Dimitrios Bormpoudakis, Dani Villero, Peter Haase, Kristian Meissner, Helge Bruelheide, Marcel Buchhorn, Irene Calderon Sanou, Miguel Fernandez, Anna Gamero, Anne Gobin, Irene Guerrero, Ute Jandt, Alena Klvaňová, Marina Marei Viti, Jannicke Moe, Aletta Bonn, Henrique Pereira

Abstract: This deliverable provides recommendations for designing a European Biodiversity Observation Network. It synthesizes the current biodiversity monitoring landscape in Europe, describes the framework and methodology for a co-design approach, and identifies what should be monitored (terrestrial, freshwater and marine Essential Biodiversity Variables), how (monitoring methods and workflows for data integration and modelling), and why (policy relevance). It then provides 10 design recommendations, including suggestions for spatial sampling designs, sample sizes, filling of gaps, co-location, DNA-based methods, digital sensors, remote sensing, citizen science, data integration and modelling, and digital infrastructure. Finally, it estimates the economic costs of establishing and maintaining a European Biodiversity Observation Network by performing a comprehensive assessment of the staff and material costs for establishing and maintaining data collection, workflows and coordination for biodiversity monitoring in Europe.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.12.e202621

Authors: Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman, James Ojiambo Were

Abstract: This policy brief examines the contribution of brick kilns to Dhaka’s severe air-pollution crisis and argues that persistent emissions reflect failures of governance, enforcement and regulatory coordination rather than a lack of technological alternatives. Drawing on recent epidemiological studies, atmospheric modelling and policy evidence from Bangladesh and across Asia, the brief analyses how seasonal brick production intensifies winter PM2.5 concentrations and contributes to major public-health and economic losses. Although Bangladesh has enacted ambitious environmental legislation, weak institutional capacity, fragmented oversight and entrenched political-economic incentives continue to undermine implementation. The brief evaluates three policy pathways: universal Zigzag 2.0 kiln conversion, substitution towards non-fired construction materials and enforcement intensification through satellite-based monitoring. It recommends a phased five-year national strategy integrating cleaner kiln technology, demand-side reform, targeted enforcement and regional airshed cooperation. Effective implementation could substantially reduce pollution exposure, improve life expectancy and strengthen long-term environmental governance in Bangladesh.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e202551

Authors: Pilar Marin, Naomie Kayitesi, Natascha Wahlberg Wahlberg

Abstract: Nature restoration is becoming a central priority in global and European environmental agendas, including the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (Target 2), and the Nature Restoration Regulation and the Green Deal of the European Union, which together set ambitious objectives to restore ecosystems by 2030. Coastal areas, as highly dynamic land-sea interfaces, are among the most vulnerable environments, having experienced significant long-term degradation. As a result, large-scale restoration is emerging as a key strategy for climate change adaptation, biodiversity recovery, and risk reduction. In this context, large scale restoration initiatives and projects, such as REST-COAST (Large scale RESToration of COASTal ecosystems through rivers to sea connectivity), are becoming increasingly relevant, demonstrating how Nature-based Solutions can support coastal resilience, ecosystem recovery and climate adaptation, and are expected to play a key role in shaping future coastal management efforts. Ensuring that restoration actions are effective, sustainable, and beneficial for both nature and society, requires alignment with Nature-based Solutions approaches. The IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based SolutionsTM provides a robust and practical framework to guide the design, assessment and improvement of such interventions, supporting better decision-making, managing trade-offs, and enabling scaling up and replication. This report presents the application of the IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions across the nine Pilot Sites of the REST-COAST project. Using a structured and comparable methodology, the assessment evaluates the alignment of restoration interventions with the criteria and indicators of the NbS Standard, identifying strengths, gaps and opportunities for improvement. Overall, the results show strong performance in the identification of societal challenges and in ecological design and monitoring. However, recurring challenges remain across Pilot Sites, particularly in ensuring long-term financial sustainability, strengthening inclusive and empowering governance, and systematically addressing trade-offs and risk management. These findings highlight the need to move beyond technically sound pilot interventions towards more institutionalised, scalable, and durable restoration approaches. The lessons derived from REST-COAST provide a valuable evidence base to inform future coastal restoration initiatives and strengthen the application of Nature-based Solutions in complex socio-ecological systems.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e194246

Authors: Carla Stoyanova, Teodor Metodiev

Abstract: This document is a deliverable for the PollinERA project, funded under the European Union’s Horizon Europe (HE) Research and Innovation Action under grant agreement No. 101135005. The purpose of this document is to present a detailed Plan for the Exploitation and Dissemination of Results (PEDR) of the PollinERA project, along with a communication strategy (CS), based on the preliminary plans in Section 2.2 of the PollinERA proposal.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e194245

Authors: Michael Rubinigg

Abstract: This Data Management Plan (DMP), prepared as part of the deliverables of the EC REA (Grant Agreement 10135005) funded project “Understanding pesticide-pollinator interactions to support EU environmental risk assessment and policy” (PollinERA), represents a plan for data management agreed upon by the PollinERA consortium. This plan is in line with the policies of the consortium partner’s organisations, as defined by the organisation’s data management policies, and with the requirements of the sponsor, as defined in the Horizon Europe research and innovation funding programme.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e194231

Authors: Carla Stoyanova, Teodor Metodiev, Denitsa Peneva, Kremena Kaleva

Abstract: This document is a deliverable for the PollinERA project, funded under the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Action under grant agreement No. 101135005. The aim of this document is to present the PollinERA branding, visual identity and website as key tools in the project’s communication and dissemination activities.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e188550

Authors: Yuting Tai, Tom Bucx, Mindert de Vries, Sara Pino Cobacho, Richard Marijnissen, Iris van Dongen, Rutger van der Brugge, Åse Johannessen, Fabienne Horneman, Silvia Torresan, Elisa Furlan, Andrea Critto, Alice Stocco, Caterina Dabalà, Francesca Coccon, Paolo Comandini, Silvia Frias, Ferran Bertomeu, Carles Ibáñez, Laura Puértolas Domènech

Abstract: The REST-COAST Project (Large scale RESToration of COASTal ecosystems through rivers to sea connectivity) is an EU Horizon 2020 research project (Grant agreement No. 101037097) whose overall goal is to address with effective and innovative approaches and tools the key challenges faced by coastal ecosystem restoration across Europe. The approach chosen for this project will deliver a highly interdisciplinary contribution, with the demonstration of improved practices and techniques for hands-on ecosystem restoration across several pilot sites, supported by the co-design of innovative governance and financial arrangements, as well as an effective strategy for the dissemination of results. Work Package 4 (WP4) focuses on the development of scalable adaptation-through-restoration plans (for each pilot of REST-COAST) based on adaptation pathways that incorporate ecosystem services (ESS) and biodiversity value (BDV) from NBS building blocks. It is envisaged that these plans will be suited for upscaling restoration in coastal systems worldwide, supported by the global scale analysis of coastal risks, costs and governance performed in WP 2/3/5. Deliverable 4.3 aims at providing guidelines for building adaptationthrough-restoration pathways, based on NBS and technical measures that deliver ESS and BDV gains, tested and validated at the Pilots. When using the adaptation pathway guidelines, it is important to apply them with flexibility to accommodate the specific needs and contexts of individual pilots. While it is recommended to follow the methodology in Chapter 2—‘Generic Stepwise Approach’—to develop pathways, pilots should view these methods as flexible rather than rigid, to fit their unique restoration goals, timelines, environmental and social conditions. Chapter 3—‘Restoration Pilots’—serves as a reference to provide insight from three pilots with pilot-specific approaches to build the pathways. The guidelines should be seen as a dynamic tool that can evolve based on feedback, local stakeholder input, or new scientific data, ensuring that each pilot tailors its pathway to address local uncertainties, opportunities, and challenges.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e187633

Authors: Eeva Karjalainen, Maria Hällfors, Maria Söderholm, Nikola Ganchev, Sari Erkkilä, Satu Soini

Abstract: OBSGESSION project management guide summarises the central rules and practices agreed in Grant Agreement and Consortium Agreement. This document also describes day-to-day working practices, and thus is a living document that is updated regularly.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e187632

Authors: Maria Söderholm, Maria Hällfors, Susana Baena, Claire Brown, Marcel Buchhorn, Jorrit Scholze

Abstract: The OBSGESSION project (Observation of Ecosystem Changes for Action, https://obsgession.eu/) aims to enhance terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity monitoring and policy by new approaches for integrating data and modelling, and by developing science-based solutions. This data management plan (DMP) provides details about the data to be collected, generated, and processed in OBSGESSION, as well as other outputs. It also outlines the key principles of data management practices, as required in the Horizon Europe Programme Guideline. The project is committed to following the policies of open science and research as the foundation for all activities, including data management. Data management in the project will adhere to the FAIR principles, ensuring that data is Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. The plan also specifies that other outputs besides data will be managed in line with these principles whenever applicable.The project will utilise a variety of data and combine biodiversity data from multiple sources. The types of data included in the OBSGESSION project are experimental, observational, statistical, and qualitative data, such as interviews. The DMP outlines the overall data management practices for the duration of the data lifecycle within the framework of the FAIR principles and provides details on planned practices and data-specific considerations. This includes, among other things, producing metadata and other documentation related to the data. The plan also presents practices for ensuring data interoperability, reusability, and publication. Relevant metadata standards have been identified to make EO data interoperable. In addition, the DMP describes the In-Situ database, OpenEO platform and Data Cubes as tools and mechanisms for implementing interoperability and (re)usability of EO and in-situ data.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e187631

Authors: Nikola Ganchev, Gabriela Popova

Abstract: Deliverable D6.2 presents a plan for shaping the dissemination, exploitation, and communication (DEC) activities of OBSGESSION. These activities are crucial for ensuring OBSGESSION’s impact and amplifying the project's influence. The Communication Plan (CP) and Plan for the Exploitation and Dissemination of Results (PEDR) is developed in M6 (June 2024) and will be updated in M24 (December 2025, D6.3) and in M40 (April 2027, D6.4) to reflect OBSGESSION's progress and maturity level, providing a targeted approach for each stage according to evolving DEC needs.Aside from defining the goals and scope of the project's communication, dissemination, and exploitation, the CP and PEDR also identify the primary stakeholder groups and key messages for each. These have been outlined based on a consortium-wide questionnaire. The plans also include the expected knowledge outputs of the project. Based on this information, D6.2 details the main communication, dissemination, and exploitation tools and evaluates their relevance to different target groups. Finally, a specific implementation plan is provided for the project's first stage of development, along with indicators for actively monitoring the effectiveness of these actions.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e187630

Authors: Joaquim Estopinan, Anne Thomas, Pierre Gaüzère, Wilfried Thuiller

Abstract: Detecting and attributing biodiversity changes is a multifaceted and demanding task. The first key challenge is gathering data on biodiversity metrics and the likely drivers that is sufficiently structured and aligned in space and time, and wide enough to cover the dynamical range of the target latent processes at play, enabling statistical inference. Demonstrating that a measure of biodiversity has significantly changed relative to a reference state — a reference which is often difficult to define due to a lack of past data — constitutes a second challenge. A third key challenge is designing an identification strategy that can isolate the contribution of multiple potential causal factors with statistical confidence.The review comprising the deliverable D3.1 addresses these three key challenges in a coherent framework, meeting the task expectations. It is entitled "Advancing Causal Inference in Ecology: Pathways for Biodiversity Change Detection and Attribution" (Schrodt et al., Methods in Ecology and Evolution, under revision). This work was achieved in collaboration with the IMPACTS synthesis group of the French Foundation for Biodiversity Research (FRB). This text provides conceptual and practical guidance on taking advantage of existing causal methods to detect and attribute changes in biodiversity. There is an emphasis on how remote sensing data can mitigate pressing issues related to confounding factors that occur across scales.By paying attention to the described challenges and relying on the suggested methods and workflow, the review introduces a solid basis to root biodiversity change studies in causal principles for better detection and attribution. The proposed manuscript is indeed highly interdisciplinary in its attempt to bring biodiversity studies closer to the science of attribution through causal inference from observational data. While this deliverable is fully autonomous, it is complemented by two perspective articles that are also under revision and a method decision tool that is under development. They cover related aspects of detection and attribution.As deliverable D3.1 format is a scientific manuscript, it is provided in its most recent version in Annex 1 below.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e187629

Authors: Gabriela Popova, Nikola Ganchev, Slavena Peneva, Kremena Kaleva

Abstract: The communication efforts of OBSGESSION kicked-off as soon as the project launched. However, to ensure proper visibility, a set of dissemination and branding tools and materials have been designed within the first three months of the project duration, ensuring broad visibility from an early stage. A project logo, social media channels and a landing page were established in time for the OBSGESSION kick-off meeting in the end of January. These formed the backbone of the project branding and public recognition. Document templates were also developed and made available to the consortium, in order to facilitate the creation and internal uptake of the project corporate identity for dissemination and reporting activities such as deliverable, milestone and presentation. Social media accounts have been established in time for the launch of OBSGESSION on X (formerly Twitter) and LinkedIn to ensure the widest possible uptake and outreach to stakeholders and other interested parties of project results, news and other announcements. The sustainability of project results and impact wil be secured through the development and maintenance of a public OBSGESSION website for a total of 9 years – 4 years of the project duration and additional 5 years after the project has ended.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e187628

Authors: Ayesha Wijesekera, Zuhail Thatey, Claire Brown, Susana Baena, Joshua Barritt

Abstract: This report provides a review of the biodiversity policy landscape at the European Union (EU) level and identifies a set of priority Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) to support policy needs. Policy needs were determined based on the European 'Union's Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 (EU BDS 2030), which serves as the overarching framework for biodiversity-related policies and legislation at the EU level in response to the requirement for countries to have a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) as Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The analysis focuses on the actions from the EU BDS 2030 as the key articulation of policy needs, and indicators to evaluate monitoring requirements. Actions were categorized based on their relevance to different stages of the policy process (e.g., planning, implementation, reporting or review), while indicators were categorized as relevant to policy reporting. Actions and indicators were also tagged by ecosystem realm (i.e., terrestrial, freshwater, marine) or as cross-cutting. The potential applicability of EBVs for broadly supporting the implementation of each of the 102 actions and sub-actions. Also, the monitoring of the 16 available indicators from the 'Strategy's dashboard, was assessed. The review found that EBVs could broadly be used to support the implementation of 37 actions and the monitoring of five indicators. These selected actions and indicators were then mapped to EBV classes and candidates based on the EBV framework by the Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON). EBV candidates were ranked from high to low priority based on the total number of actions and indicators they were mapped to, both overall and within different ecosystem realms and stages of the policy process. Candidates linked to the greatest number of actions and indicators were considered the highest policy priority. Overall, the species abundance candidate ranked 1st in terms of policy priority, followed by species distributions (2nd), ecosystem distribution (3rd) and ecosystem vertical profile (4th), with markedly higher total scores than other candidates. These candidates were also consistently ranked among the top four candidates across different ecosystem realms and stages of the policy process. Taking into consideration the findings from the Europa Biodiversity Observation 'Network's (EuropaBON) User and Policy Needs Assessment, this review identified species abundances, species distributions and ecosystem distribution as priority EBVs for the development of remote sensing (RS) biodiversity products in the OBSGESSION project. The ecosystem vertical profile also ranked highly, but further assessment is recommended to determine its policy importance. While this review provides a priority set of EBV candidates based on policy needs, further prioritisation considering scientific gaps and technical feasibility for monitoring EBVs via RS will be continued under Task 1.2 as part of the Science Policy Traceability Matrix (SPTM), taking into consideration work already undertaken on RS-enabled EBVS.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.12.e183952

Authors: Andreea Nita, Montserrat Zamorano

Abstract: In response to climate change, the landmark Paris Agreement established a set of goals to achieve climate neutrality and limit global warming. To help investors and companies contribute to these goals, the EU adopted a taxonomy for sustainable activities and, in line with it investments, must do no significant harm, as indicated by the Recovery and Resilience Facility Regulation. Since its inception, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure has aimed to minimise impacts of projects that could significantly damage the environment. Certainly, there are recognised weaknesses in the EIA, but its fitness to address complex environmental challenges, such as climate change, is unmatched. Considering the importance of EIA in ensuring scaling-up sustainable energy-related investments, NetDeal focuses on providing innovative and easy-to-use methods to improve EIA worldwide and combines policy analysis and EIA assessment data into complex networks. First, we analyse models of impact assessment (IA) legislation that can make recommendations about how IA can change to fit the global effort to tackle the energy and resource crises. Second, we will expose best practice models and investigate through network-related statistical analyses the collaboration links established in each EIA stage, which are behind successful projects from the perspective of productivity, circular economy, adaptation to climate change and reaching the goal of zero net emissions. Third, using Exponential Random Graph Models, I will explore the dynamic interaction between EIA stakeholders to diagnose the organisational structures and factors that strongly influence these projects. Last, I will create an integrated multi-layer EIA framework to improve the EIA effectiveness. The findings will be translated into the economic sector and provide new instruments to facilitate a streamlined EIA procedure that facilitates the adoption of urgent measures to mitigate the current energy crisis.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e182926

Authors: Richard Marijnissen, Dirk S. van Maren, Luis Garrote, David Santillan, Ana Iglesias, Subbiah Bharathi, Xavier Sánchez-Artús, Vicente Gracia, Manuel Espino, Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla, Luciana Villa Castrillon, Benjamin Jacob, Johannes Pein, Wei Chen, Joanna Staneva, Pushpa Dissanayake, Dennis Oberrecht, Andreas Wurpts, Reinier Schrijvershof, R.J.A van Weerdenburg, Frederica Zennaro, Fabienne Horneman, Elisa Furlan, Silvia Torresan, Andrea Critto, Christophe Briere, Julien Fornasari, Rémi Caillibotte, Claire Mahe, Alexis Beudin, Rosaria Ester Musumeci, Massimiliano Marino, Sofia Nasca, Ahmad Alkharoubi, Luca Cavallaro, Enrico Foti, Nikolay Valchev, Petya Eftimova, Elitsa Hineva, Nataliya Andreeva, Grzegorz Różyński, Morgane Jolivet, Thomas Faraon, Olivier Boutron, Mathis Cathala

Abstract: Within this portfolio of restoration interventions, we present a range of model-based projections assessing the impact of large-scale Nature-based Solutions (NbS) on enhancing Eco System Services (ESS) in various coastal systems. This deliverable applies these models to detail how these systems respond to climate change and nature-based interventions intended to mitigate climate change impacts under different Sea Level Rise (SLR) scenarios. The models range from hydro-morphological simulations of future conditions to a machinelearning approach, all aimed at demonstrating the ESS provided by restoration in the future.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e182902

Authors: Manuel Espino, Vicente Gracia, Xavier Sánchez-Artús, Maria Liste, Luis Garrote, David Santillan, Ivan Federico, Causio Salvatore, Fabienne Horneman, Silvia Torresan, Elisa Furlan, Grzegorz Różyński, Luciana Villa Castrillon, Joanna Staneva, Benjamin Jacob, Wei Chen, Bas van Maren, Richard Marijnissen, Andreas Wurpts, Pushpa Dissanayake, Rosaria Ester Musumeci, Massimiliano Marino, Petya Eftimova, Nikolay Valchev, Elitsa Hineva, Nataliya Andreeva, Bogdan Prodanov, Rémi Caillibotte, Christophe Briere, Soazig Mahe, Julien Fornasari, Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla

Abstract: nature-based approaches, while reinforcing connectivity from river basins to the sea. Deliverable D2.2 is the second technical output of Work Package 2 (WP2), building upon the storm-based modelling work presented in D2.1. While D2.1 focused on current hazard conditions and model calibration, this deliverable explores future scenarios of sea level rise, changing sediment dynamics, and increasing storm impacts. It evaluates the long-term performance of Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) through integrated hydromorpho-eco modelling and assesses their contribution to ESS delivery across seven REST-COAST pilot sites. This report supports the development of adaptive restoration strategies tailored to local contexts, while contributing to broader coastal management frameworks under climate change. By combining physical process modelling with ecological indicators and socio-economic relevance, D2.2 provides robust evidence to guide nature-based adaptation pathways across Europe’s diverse coastal systems.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e182018

Authors: Manuel Espino, Luis Garrote, David Santillan, Xavier Sánchez-Artús, Vicente Gracia, Maria Liste, Marc Mestres, Manel Grifoll, Marta Balsells, Joanna Staneva, Benjamin Jacob, Wei Chen, Luciana Villa, Pushpa Dissanayake, Mindert de Vries, Ivan Federico, Causio Salvatore, Olivier Boutron, Christophe Briere, Rémi Caillibotte, Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla

Abstract: The REST-COAST project (Large-scale RESToration of COASTal ecosystems through rivers to sea connectivity) is a Horizon 2020 research initiative funded by the European Commission under Grant Agreement No. 101037097. Its overarching aim is to restore coastal ecosystems across Europe by advancing science-based approaches to hazard mitigation and resilience, with a strong emphasis on nature-based solutions (NbS) and the sustainable delivery of ecosystem services (ESS). To meet this objective, the project adopts a multidisciplinary approach that combines modelling, monitoring, restoration, governance, and finance. Scientific development is tightly linked to practical implementation through a network of pilot sites representing diverse coastal typologies and pressures. These sites serve as laboratories for testing and validating coupled hydro-morpho-eco models capable of simulating the role of natural ecosystems in reducing risks such as coastal flooding, erosion, and saline intrusion. This deliverable, D2.1, documents the modelling work conducted under Task 2.1, focusing on present-day storm conditions. It presents the model configurations, validation procedures, and simulation outcomes used to evaluate the risk reduction potential of NbS across seven pilot sites. The work includes detailed analysis of hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes, sediment transport, and vegetation interactions, as well as the derivation of site-specific ESS indicators. The models are tailored to local physical settings and restoration goals, and have been validated against real storm events using field and remote sensing data. D2.1 provides a robust technical foundation for assessing the effectiveness and operational relevance of ecosystem-based approaches to coastal risk management. The methods and results presented here contribute to the broader REST-COAST objective of supporting adaptive, transferable, and evidence-based coastal restoration strategies throughout Europe.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.11.e176476

Authors: Tina Heger, Stella Berger, Jonathan Jeschke, Chris Kittel, Peter Kraker, A. Makower, Daniel Mietchen, Jens Nejstgaard, Maxi Schramm

Abstract: Water is vital for life on Earth, but aquatic environments worldwide are facing critical challenges that cause severe problems for biodiversity and human well-being. These challenges include, for example, water pollution, habitat degradation, escalating water and air temperatures, salinisation of freshwaters, ocean acidification and invasive species. Since these stressors interact in complex ways, developing predictions and mitigation measures is difficult. Mesocosm experiments, offering controlled, yet realistic settings, are crucial for understanding and mitigating the impact of various stressors and their combinations on aquatic ecosystems. Mesocom facilities are key Research Infrastructures (RI), as they bridge the gap between laboratory experiments and natural systems allowing studies of highly complex environments comparable to natural ecosystems, while still offering controlled and replicated settings not available in natural systems.The AQUACOSM-RI consortium, comprising over 60 individual state-of-the-art mesocosm facilities at 28 host institutions across Europe, has therefore been instrumental in advancing aquatic environmental research across climate zones including marine, brackish and freshwater ecosystems. In addition, the EU H2020-INFRAIA projects AQUACOSM (CORDIS No. 731065) and AQUACOSM-plus (CORDIS No. 871081, www.aquacosm.eu) have developed a virtual network beyond Europe of presently > 85 host institutions with > 120 aquatic mesocosm facilities around the world, www.mesocosm.org. However, the rich, yet disconnected resources in aquatic mesocosm-based experimental research and mitigation approaches need to be combined in a modern, visible and accessible way.The project AQUANAVI (Navigating Grand Challenges and their Mitigation using Aquatic Experimental RIs) aims to enhance existing efforts by creating an interactive atlas of aquatic mesocosm facilities and related mesocosm-based experimental research. Integrating data, publications, reports and information on mesocosm facility capacities generated by the AQUACOSM consortium and other mesocosm facilities in Europe and beyond, AQUANAVI will facilitate fast discovery of resources and unused potentials of available mesocosm facilities in a modern, visible and accessible way that is presently not available. Such a multidimensional tool is expected to enable novel collaborations and a much faster setup and execution of connected and/or distributed experiments and efficient development of environmental mitigation strategies. Built upon the AQUACOSM-RIs and their encompassing data and information repository as well as scientific and technical competence, while also leveraging related infrastructures like AnaEE, EMBRC, JERICO-RI and eLTER, AQUANAVI will provide a comprehensive resource platform to more effectively explore available resources for aquatic experimental research.AQUANAVI will bridge this wealth of scientific data, expertise and mesocosm facility information through Hi Knowledge, an innovative analysis and visualisation platform that merges Wikidata, Open Knowledge Maps,and Scholia. Hi Knowledge harnesses the semantic capabilities of Wikidata to rapidly construct a FAIR and open corpus for a domain, based on a sophisticated conceptual classification system. Subsequently, Hi Knowledge incorporates visualisation components from Open Knowledge Maps and Scholia, allowing researchers to smoothly navigate information using cutting-edge visualisation techniques, artificial intelligence and knowledge synthesis methods.Open and collaborative by design, AQUANAVI’s architecture will engage a broad range of research communities. By consolidating data and information from diverse RIs, the platform will leverage and enhance the AQUACOSM and related research infrastructures, securing the reusability and interoperability of existing data collections and better exploration of existing RIs in the future. Compliant with FAIR principles and EOSC requirements, AQUANAVI will ensure the long-term sustainability and openness of its resources, enriching both the ENVRI services portfolio and the broader scientific community. In summary, AQUANAVI will empower researchers and stakeholders to implement measures to mitigate the effects of climate change and other Grand Challenges facing aquatic environments, serving as a key resource within and beyond the European research area.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.11.e176120

Authors: Christos Arvanitidis, Olga Ameixa, Alberto Basset, Eva Chatzinikolaou, Claudia Coman, Berta Companys, Francesco De Leo, Klaas Deneudt, Federico Drago, John Eriksson, Tiziana Ferrari, Teodor Georgiev, Giovanni Giuliano, Stefan Gruber, Jens Habermann, Katharina Heil, Tim Hubbard, Cristina Huertas Olivares, Georgios Kotoulas, Dimitris Koureas, Natalia Manola, Vanessa Marrocco, Nicolas Pade, Ana Portugal Melo, Antonello Provenzale, Fotis Psomopoulos, Niels Raes, Susie Robinson, Patrick Ruch, Dick Schaap, Adrian Stanica, Tassos Stavropoulos, Heliana Teixeira, Peter van Tienderen, Costas Tsigenopoulos, Robert Waterhouse, Giuseppe Aprea, Michel Boër, Ana Casino, Laurent Delauney, Jonathan Ewbank, Ana Lillebø, Michael Mirtl, Jana Pavlic-Zupanc, Lyubomir Penev, Jaume Piera, Paraskevi Pitta, Ingrid Puillat, David Richter, Diana Stepanyan, Anton Ussi, Jan Węsławski, Gabriela Zuquim

Abstract: The interdependence of human, animal, plant and ecosystem health necessitates systemic, cross-domain collaboration to address global challenges, such as emerging diseases, climate change and biodiversity severe change. Through the Crete Declaration, Europe’s (e-)infrastructures, organisations and projects that focus on the functioning of our biosphere commit to jointly advancing the One Health approach. In doing so, the signatories aim to strengthen Europe’s resilience and leadership through the sharing of data and expertise, the development of innovative solutions and the promotion of evidence-based policies.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.11.e174994

Authors: Bernabé Moreno, Lloyd Peck, Melody Clark, Katherine Dunlop, David Barnes, Bodil Bluhm, Markus Molis, Amanda Ziegler, Jack Longsden, Ainsley Hatt, Èric Jordà Molina, Terri Souster

Abstract: Predicting how benthic assemblages respond to ocean warming remains a central challenge in marine ecology. Artificial units of habitat such as settlement plates have long been used to study marine lithophilic assemblage dynamics under natural and experimental conditions. Recently, heated settlement plate (HSPl) experiments have been deployed in polar and temperate seas to simulate likely near-future thermal regimes in situ. We convened a one-day hybrid workshop bringing together researchers who pioneered HSPl approaches with a broader international community of benthic researchers including project managers, senior scientists and early career researchers. The workshop aimed to: i) share experiences and outcomes from existing HSPl deployments; ii) identify technical and logistical challenges; iii) prioritise emerging research questions and applications; and iv) scope pathways for future collaborations and funding. Participants outlined desirable minimum standards for imaging and metadata in HSPl photosampling, compared design choices and replication strategies; and highlighted context-specific considerations for polar vs. temperate sites (e.g. ice scouring, permitting frameworks, diver safety considerations). A preliminary research agenda was developed spanning community assembly processes, trait-mediated responses, priority effects under warming and the integration of HSPl imagery with automated pipelines for analysis and data FAIRness. The workshop represents a first step towards building a cohesive global network to coordinate cross-site experiments, promote open protocols and data sharing and enable meta-analyses that will strengthen the understanding of how marine environmental change affects lithophilic assemblages across ecosystems.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e173693

Authors: Tom Breeze, W. Daniel Kissling, Maria Lumbierres, Joana Santana, Alejandra Morán-Ordóñez, Roy Van Grunsven, Tim Hirsch, Tree Robionson, Simon Potts, Ian McCallum, Ute Jandt, Cesar Capinha, Jessica Junker, Pavel Stoev, Camino Liquete, Henrique M. Pereira

Abstract: Although biodiversity monitoring costs are widely cited as a constraint, there have been very few assessments of these costs and even fewer studies have assessed the potential benefits of this monitoring. Here, we synthesise available evidence, alongside a comprehensive assessment of the costs of proposed biodiversity monitoring to explore the relative costs, benefits risks and opportunities in biodiversity monitoring. We find that the costs of biodiversity monitoring, €0.5bn-€3.6bn/year, are greatly outweighed by the combined economic benefits and opportunities arising from the availability of co-ordinated, high-quality data, which are estimated to be >€25.2bn/year.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.11.e163757

Authors: Geraint Tarling, E Abrahamsen, Yevgeny Aksenov, Madeline Anderson, Carol Arrowsmith, Chelsey Baker, Chris Barry, Anna Belcher, Mar Benavides, Milo Bischof, Emma Boland, Mike Bowes, J Brearley, Peter Brown, Amanda Burson, Sammie Buzzard, Nathan Callaghan, Arthur Coët, Kathryn Cook, Sarah Coombs, Chris Evans, Sophie Fielding, Elaina Ford, Isabelle Fournier, Jennifer Freer, E Garcia-Martin, VR Ghosh, Sarah Giering, Alanna Grant, Huw Griffiths, Ruta Hamilton, Katharine Hendry, Simeon Hill, Nathan Hubot, Aidan Hunter, Nadine Johnston, Anna Katavouta, Ezra Kitson, Melanie Leng, Isabel Lewis, Katrin Linse, Stephen Lofts, Clara Manno, Adrian Martin, Alice Marzocchi, Edward Mawji, Daniel Mayor, Rebecca McKenzie, Andrew Meijers, Michael Meredith, David Munday, M Pereira, Alexandra O'Brien, Justyna Olszewska, Stuart Painter, Julien Palmiéri, Shailee Patel, Amy Pickard, Jessica Richt, Stefanie Rynders, Rachael Sanders, Ryan Saunders, Andrew Shepherd, Thomas Slater, Bryan Spears, Gabriele Stowasser, Amy Swiggs, Laura Taylor, Petra ten Hoopen, Sally Thorpe, Tracey Timms-Wilson, Maud van Soest, Hugh Venables, Zoe Wright, Andrew Yool, Emma Young

Abstract: The export of elements (particularly carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) from the Poles critically supports global marine biodiversity and major fisheries as well as the sequestration of atmospheric carbon to the deep ocean. Ecosystem processes regulate this export, but major uncertainties remain in terms of how and by how much. Progress on understanding key ecosystem interactions is hindered by lack of data and their representation in Earth system models is poor. The two polar regions share similarities in environmental extremes which make them sensitive to the impacts of climate change. They both receive nutrients from multiple and diverse sources and the delivery of these nutrients to other oceans is regulated by similar ecosystem processes. However, the extent to which these ecosystem processes will be modified by climate change is unclear and urgently needs to be determined. BIOPOLE will determine how polar ecosystems regulate the balance of carbon and nutrients in the world’s oceans and, through it, their effect on global fish stocks and carbon storage. It will address this challenge by integrating ambitious fieldwork campaigns and innovative modelling in a multidisciplinary and highly coordinated approach. BIOPOLE will capitalise on world-leading capabilities and infrastructure in ocean and high-latitude research, including cutting-edge land-based facilities, state-of-the-art polar research vessels and innovative autonomous instrumentation. Collaboration with national and international partners will further strengthen BIOPOLE’s multidisciplinary approach and efficient use of infrastructure. BIOPOLE’s legacy will be the first assessment of the global impact of polar ecosystems on biogeochemical cycling and fish stocks; technologically-novel approaches and strong partnerships between leading international science groups.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.11.e154645

Authors: Michael Meredith, Katharine Hendry, E. Povl Abrahamsen, J. Alexander Brearley, Emma Young, David Munday, Hugh Venables, Anna Hogg, Benjamin Wallis, Katrien Van Landeghem, Filipa Carvalho, Andrew Yool, Amber Annett, Alberto Naveira Garabato, Mark Inall, Katy Sheen, Andrew Fleming, Estelle Dumont, Oskar Głowacki, Carlos Moffat, Neil Fraser, Sarah Gille, Matthew Alford, Rebecca Jackson, Katherine Retallick

Abstract: Mixing of the ocean around Antarctica is a key process that exerts influences over large scales and in multiple ways. By redistributing heat in the ocean, it exerts strong influences on the Antarctic Ice Sheet, with implications for sea level rise globally. Similarly, the redistribution of ocean heat affects the production of sea ice in winter and its melt in summer, with consequences for climate. Mixing also affects the distribution of nutrients in the ocean, with direct impacts on the marine ecosystem and biodiversity and with consequences for fisheries.It was long thought that mixing of the seas close to Antarctica was predominantly caused by winds, tides and the loss of heat from the ocean especially in winter. However, we recently discovered that when glaciers calve in Antarctica, they can trigger underwater tsunamis. These are large (multi-metre) waves that move rapidly away from the coastline and when they break, they cause sudden bursts of very intense mixing. Simple calculations indicated that the net impact of these underwater tsunamis could be as strong as winds, and much more important than tides, in driving mixing. It was also argued that they are likely to be relevant everywhere that glaciers calve into the sea, including Greenland and across the Arctic. As our ocean and atmosphere continue to heat up, it is very possible that glacier calving will become more frequent and intensify, increasing further the impact of underwater tsunamis on large-scale climate, the cryosphere and ecosystems.This is an exciting new avenue of scientific investigation and many key questions remain unanswered. We need to know how widespread and frequent the generation of underwater tsunamis is, how far they travel from the coastline before breaking, and how variable this is. We need to measure what impacts the extra mixing has on ocean temperature and nutrient concentrations, and to determine what this means for the cryosphere and ocean productivity. There is a pressing need to include the effects of underwater tsunamis in the computer models that are used for projecting future ocean climate and ecosystem conditions and to determine the feedbacks between climate change and the generation of more underwater tsunamis.To answer these questions, our project will deploy innovative techniques for measuring the ocean and ice in close proximity to a calving glacier, including robotic underwater vehicles and remotely-piloted aircraft, and cutting-edge deep-learning techniques applied to satellite data. We will use advanced computer simulations to fully understand the causal mechanisms responsible for the creation and spread of the underwater tsunamis and their impacts on ocean climate and marine productivity. We will make our developments in computer simulation available to the whole community of users, for widespread uptake and future use.This project will have significant benefits for academics seeking to predict the future of Antarctica and its impacts on the rest of the world, for Governments and intergovernmental agencies seeking to understand how best to respond to climate change, and for the curious general public wanting to learn more about the extremes of the planet and why they matter. The fieldwork will be especially photo- and video-genic and will lead to outstanding outreach and impact opportunities, and we will work with media agencies seeking to tell compelling stories about the extremes of the Earth.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.11.e152859

Authors: Florencia Yannelli, Kristiina Visakorpi, Anni Arponen, Carlos Arnillas, Javiera Chinga Chamorro, Mariana Chiuffo, Sharon Collinge, Roger Cousens, Kadambari Devarajan, Ken Ehrlich, marilyn grell-brisk, Rebecca Kariuki, Heather Kharouba, Andrea Monica Ortiz, Ana Prado-Valladares, Helen Regan, Florian Schnabel, Bruno Soares, Gisela Stotz, Michael Williams, Marc W. Cadotte

Abstract: The sixth mass extinction and the ongoing biodiversity and climate crises demand urgent action from ecologists and environmental scientists (EESs). Despite their critical role in addressing these challenges, EESs face unclear professional responsibilities towards society, local communities and ecosystems. The 2024 ANdiNA workshop was held in Conguillío National Park in Chile, within Wallmapu the ancestral land of the Mapuche people. It gathered global EESs to explore the roles, obligations and accountability of professionals in this field. The discussions focused on the evolving responsibilities of EESs amidst the environmental crises, as well as the need for clearer frameworks to guide their actions.Key questions included the scope of EESs' professional activities, how their obligations should adapt during times of crisis and whether they should be held accountable for scientific mistakes that lead to negative societal outcomes. The workshop explored the potential for creating a codified framework, such as an oath or manifesto, to clarify EESs' professional responsibilities. Participants highlighted the importance of integrating financial, intellectual, ethical and institutional dimensions in defining these roles, particularly in how EESs engage with local communities and society.Emerging themes included the need for a shared framework to align EESs' actions, exemplified by the Conguillío Statement, which encourages collaboration, inclusivity and ethical engagement with communities, especially Indigenous ones. The workshop also emphasised the importance of solution-orientated, transformative research and advocacy, calling for a shift in how EESs approach their roles as agents of change. By critically reflecting on their responsibilities, the workshop provided a foundation for re-imagining the role of EESs in the face of global environmental crises, urging systemic, collaborative approaches to safeguarding both nature and humanity.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e144611

Authors: Guy Ziv, Catriona Willoughby, Denise Hick, Arjan Gosal, Rosemary Wool, Chunhui Li, Jiaqi Ge, Paul Evans, Michael Beckmann, Anne Paulus, Meike Will, Birgit Mueller, Tomáš Václavík, Tomáš Čejka, Tomáš Čejka, Ruth Delzeit, Ornella Dellaccio, Jon Stenning, Anna Cord, Stephanie Roilo, Sanja Brdar, Joan Masó, Yoni Gavish, Danny Hooftman, James Bullock

Abstract: This Deliverable provides a roadmap to expansion of BESTMAP towards a operational pan-European modelling platform, as well as explore via pilot analyses several areas for improvement and future research. Considering new case studies, we analyse the locations where models parameterized in those regions can transfer to cover the most area. We conclude that in future case studies, they should be located in northern Spain, north-west Italy, central Italy, Montenegro/Albania, and Bulgaria. Testing if one can model water quality at the European scale, our modelling shows the NDR model (used in BESTMAP CS work) has generally good performance at EU scale, despite it being a rather simple process-based model. There is an overestimation of Nitrogen at low N, and underestimation of Phosphate at high P, which need to be considered in future work.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e144610

Authors: Cristina Domingo-Marimon, Joan Maso

Abstract: The BESTMAP dashboard, a pivotal element of the H2020 BESTMAP project, stands as a vital instrument for disseminating project findings and fostering informed decision-making processes. This platform enables exploration, analysis, and reporting on the outcomes of biophysical models, offering users valuable insights into various environmental factors. This deliverable offers a comprehensive overview of the dashboard's architecture, outlining its seamless integration into diverse environments. It also provides updates on the dashboard's final status, its content, and the creation of e-learning courses aimed at guiding users in effectively utilizing the tools and features available within the dashboard.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e144609

Authors: Pavel Stoev, Boris Barov, Gabriela Popova, Maria Mincheva, Milica Trajković, Dajana Vujaklija, Guy Ziv, Jodi Gunning, Michael Beckmann, Anne Paulus, James Bullock, Paul Evans, Tomáš Václavík, Cristina Domingo-Marimon, Anna Cord, Stephanie Roilo

Abstract: In order to enhance the visibility of BESTMAP project and its outcomes and to explore potential common activities and complementarities with other projects, initiatives, networks, and policy makers at EU level, the Plan of Engagement is developed and it will act as the strategy for creating a bridge between BESTMAP and all the other relevant projects or institutions. This document is an updated version of the Milestone 12 Plan of Engagement and it will serve as a strategic channel of relationship-building processes with identified related parties from now on. External relationships and engagement with relevant parties is a continuous process between BESTMAP and other parties. Therefore, the Plan of Engagement is considered as a living document that will be extended and changed as the engagement with all parties evolved.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e144185

Authors: Tomáš Čejka, Paul Evans, James Bullock, Guy Ziv, Stephanie Roilo, Tomáš Václavík

Abstract: Insights into potential policy outcomes may be biased if based on an unrepresentative selection of case study information. As case studies are a central element of the BESTMAP project, evaluating their representativeness in the wider EU context is one of the major tasks of WP5 - Upscaling. In this Deliverable, we first briefly describe the principles of meta-models of ecosystem services and biodiversity that were developed as part of Task 5.2 to upscale predictions of ecosystem services beyond case studies. Second, we report on the development of a distance metric used to determine case study representativeness, i.e. the degree of similarity in conditions between BESTMAP case studies and NUTS3 regions across Europe. Third, we describe the transferability diagrams that we used to obtain the relationship between the predictive power of the meta-models and the distance metric, which were then used to determine the threshold within the distance metric (similarity of conditions) that corresponds to a model prediction that we considered reliable (R 2>0.5 ). Fourth, for each ecosystem service and biodiversity, we present a series of transferability maps based on the set threshold to identify the transferability potential of BESTMAP models to NUTS3 regions across Europe. Finally, we discuss the limitations and challenges of our approach used to determine case study representativeness and the transferability potential of ecosystem service models.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e144184

Authors: Josie McCulloch, Jiaqi Ge, Paul Evans

Abstract: This document presents the generalised linear model (GLM) and agent-based model (ABM) that were developed in the H2020 project BESTMAP to model and predict the uptake of Agri-Environmental Schemes (AES) in the European Union. The deliverable is based on the work done in Work Package 4.1 (WP4.1) – Agent-Based Modelling and Analysis of BESTMAP. This deliverable comprises a description of the particular implementation of the ABM including a discussion of how and why the European Union model differs from the case study-specific models described in Deliverable 4.1. The link to the model’s code on GitLab is provided. Furthermore, data requirements and potential limitations with respect to data accessibility are outlined. The ABM code is accompanied by a model description in a structured form following the ODD+D protocol (Müller et al., 2013) in the Appendix. The deliverable focuses on the model development and how the GLM and ABM are linked. As an outlook, research questions that can be answered with the models, model limitations and potential further extensions are discussed. Additionally, it is briefly discussed how the ABM outputs will enhance the biophysical modelling upscaling, which is the other part of Task 5.2

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e144183

Authors: Paul Evans, Tomáš Čejka, Tomáš Václavík, Guy Ziv, Stephanie Roilo, James Bullock

Abstract: In this Deliverable, the outputs from the BESTMAP biodiversity and ESS models, necessary for this Deliverable, are briefly described. Second, the data used for meta-modelling is listed. Third, the process behind meta-modelling - the main focus of this Deliverable - is described in detail, specifying the logic of the technique, the steps that were taken within the context of this work, and how the models were fitted and tested. Fourth, we present the results of the meta-models in terms of the number of times different predictors were significant, to give an idea of the important predictors. Finally, the challenges that were faced are discussed, as well as the final potential uses for the outputs.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e144087

Authors: Tomáš Václavík, Tomáš Čejka, Marek Bednář, Meike Will, Stephanie Roilo, Michael Beckmann, Anne Paulus, Katharina Schneider, Bartosz Bartkowski, Nastasija Grujic, Sanja Brdar, Predrag Lugonja, Cristina Domingo-Marimon, Annelies Broekman, Rosemary Wool, Arjan Gosal, Chunhui Li, George Breckenridge, Jodi Gunning, Guy Ziv

Abstract: This document provides a summary of the systematic analyses conducted across BESTMAP five CS as part of the activities in Work Packages (WP) 1, 2, 3 and 4. First, we describe the main qualitative findings obtained from farmers during the semi-structured interview campaigns regarding their attitudes towards the implementation of agri-environmental schemes (AES). Second, we elaborate on the results from the follow-up online questionnaire which included the Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) to investigate farmers’ personal views, socio-economic background and especially their preferences for specific AES contract characteristics which were subsequently used to inform the parameterization of CS agentbased models (ABMs). Third, we summarise the similarities and differences in the types of farms that occur in each CS, using the Farming System Archetypes typology based on several categories of farm specialisation and economic size. Fourth, we quantify the main results of the biophysical models of WP3 tailored specifically for each CS, comparing the values of biodiversity and ecosystem services calculated for the scenario of the current AES implementation with ecosystem service values calculated for a scenario simulating no AES adoption. Finally, we synthesise the main findings of the ABMs developed in WP4, specifically investigating the effects of four AES policy scenarios (advisory support, high payment rates, short contracts and low bureaucracy) as compared to the status-quo scenario of the current AES adoption rates

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e144086

Authors: Cristina Domingo-Marimon, Stephanie Roilo, Michael Beckmann, Anne Paulus, Katharina Schneider, Tomáš Václavík, Arjan Gosal, Rosemary Wool, George Breckenridge, Jodi Gunning, Guy Ziv

Abstract: Most of the agricultural policies, such as the new CAP, or the European Union Sustainable Development Goals, already present their list of associated indicators to monitor impacts. As BESTMAP biophysical models aim to map the impacts of these types of policies, each of the model outputs have a range of associated policy indicators. This deliverable includes the results of an exhaustive review of policy indicators from different sources linked to agricultural practices, associated with or translated to BESTMAP model results. In some cases, BESTMAP models return an output that can be directly considered an indicator. In other cases, BESTMAP model results can support partially existing indicators.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e144085

Authors: Meike Will, Birgit Mueller, Chunhui Li, Jiaqi Ge, Nastasija Grujic

Abstract: This deliverable provides a report on the agent-based models (ABMs) for each of the case studies, developed in the Work Package 4 (WP4) – Agent-Based Modelling and Analysis of BESTMAP. In particular, it includes a description of how the models can be accessed and which input data is needed. This document is accompanied by a description of each case study model in a structured form (see Appendix) which follows the ODD+D protocol (Müller et al., 2013). Deviations from the main processes as described in Milestone M6 (First versions of ABMs for CS) are discussed for each case study.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e144084

Authors: Michael Beckmann, Miene-Marie Gastinger, Birgit Mueller, Anne Paulus, Meike Will, Anna Cord, Stephanie Roilo, Cristina Domingo-Marimon, Fanny Langerwisch, Tomáš Václavík, Marek Bednář, Guy Ziv, Arjan Gosal

Abstract: The Case Study Base Layer, described in this deliverable, is a harmonised geospatial database spanning across the five case study areas of BESTMAP: South Moravia (Czech Republic), Mulde (Germany), Humber (Great Britain), Backa (Serbia), and Catalonia (Spain). It is based on the Preliminary Case Study Base Layer (MS3) and includes geospatial information on climatic and soil conditions, biodiversity, land use/land cover (including crop types), farm structure and socio-economic data. It serves as a base for biophysical ecosystem service (ES) models as well as socio-economic statistical models. Thereby, the Case Study Base Layer will be crucial for mapping Farming System Archetypes (FSAs) and for building a common agent-based modeling (ABM) framework across all case studies. This report accompanies the data in Deliverable D3.1 and describes the compilation, harmonization, meta-data structure, secure storage and access of case study baye layer data using the BESTMAP instance of the UFZ GeoNetwork

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e144083

Authors: Michael Beckmann, Lena Friedrich, Miene-Marie Gastinger, Anne Paulus, Tomáš Václavík, Chunhui Li, Guy Ziv, Paul Evans

Abstract: The European Base Layer, described in this deliverable, is a harmonised geospatial database spanning across Europe. It builds upon the infrastructure created for the Case Study Base Layer (D3.1) and includes geospatial information on climatic and soil conditions, biodiversity, land use/land cover (including crop types) data. It serves as a base for all modeling activities in BESTMAP’s WP5 including biophysical ecosystem service (ES) models. Thereby, the European Base Layer will be crucial for mapping Farming System Archetypes (FSAs) and for building a common agent-based modeling (ABM) framework across Europe. This report accompanies the data in Deliverable D3.2 and describes the compilation, harmonization, meta-data structure, secure storage and access of case study Base Layer data using the BESTMAP instance of the UFZ GeoNetwork.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.10.e139777

Authors: Luciana Frazão, Joana Alves, Miguel Moreira, Paula Castro, Maria João Martins, Anabela Paula, António Gouveia, Helena Freitas

Abstract: Defined as the benefits derived from nature to humans, the Ecosystem Services (ES) concept clarifies how ecosystems contribute to human well-being. Despite its relevance, integrating this concept into decision-making processes remains a challenge. Participatory approaches have proven crucial in developing mechanisms for managing, conserving, sustainably using and valuing ES. This work aimed to analyse the perceptions of Portuguese Biosphere Reserves’ (BR) managers regarding the ES provided by these territories through a participatory workshop. During the workshop, each participant specified the most relevant ES provided by the BR. The study identified three key ES: "Cultivated terrestrial plants (including fungi, algae) grown for nutritional purposes", "Characteristics of living systems that enable scientific investigation or the creation of traditional ecological knowledge" and "Characteristics of living systems that enable education and training". Additionally, participants discussed perceived threats, opportunities and potential solutions to enhance the value of these key ES in these areas. "Climate change" and "Pollution" were identified as the most significant threats, while "Climate adaptation", "Quality of life" and "Sustainable agriculture" emerged as the main opportunities. Solutions to address threats and maximise opportunities include the establishment of a closer, systematic and articulated relationship within BR to promote sustainability and resilience. Overall, the workshop was positively evaluated and deemed productive. It was also considered a powerful tool to foster collaboration towards a more holistic promotion of BR' sustainable governance, benefitting the environment, communities and the economy.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e140142

Authors: Elpida Besi, Georgia Chantzi, Florian Grossmann, Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla, Rositsa Stoeva

Abstract: Within the REST-COAST (Large scale RESToration of COASTal ecosystems through rivers to sea connectivity) project, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) is a partner focused on the Black Sea region, where the project has Foros Bay as a prominent Pilot Site. Nevertheless, the project features Pilot Sites across Europe spanning West Europe (Arcachon Bay, Rhone Delta and Ebro Delta), North Europe (Wadden Sea and Vistula Lagoon) and East-Central Europe (Venice lagoon, Sicily Lagoons and Nahal Dalia). The project, as summarised in this booklet, investigates the technical, financial, planning, management, governance, and engagement aspects required for large scale coastal restoration. Which technical possibilities are there? What are the political and financial hurdles? How can they be overcome? To find answers, we combine field data, numerical tools and stakeholder requirements to enhance the application of coastal restoration in the nine project Pilots and beyond. The present booklet reports the application of project insights to the Black Sea region and discusses how some of REST-COASTs strategies can be efficiently transferred there.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.10.e133454

Authors: Yann Hautier, Kathryn Barry, Mariet Hefting, Marijke van Kuijk, Edwin Pos, Betty Verduyn, Rola Johannes, George Kowalchuk, Merel Soons

Abstract: Extreme climate events such as floods and droughts are becoming increasingly frequent and intense across the world. Future climate scenarios predict both an increase in individual extreme events, as well as chronic changes in climatic seasonality. Yet, the combined and relative effects of these pressures on ecosystems remain unknown. Concurrently, human-induced ecological disruption is accelerating species extinction rates, which are estimated to be 100 to 1000 times greater than pre-human levels. This is alarming as greater biological diversity is thought to buffer ecosystem functioning against extreme climate events, thereby safeguarding the provisioning of essential ecological services that contribute to human well-being. However, how and to what extent biodiversity buffers ecosystems against climate variability remains unclear. We recently constructed experimental grassland communities in a mesocosm-based field design representing a realistic gradient of plant diversity. Both extreme events (drought and flood) and a change in seasonality of precipitation are manipulated in a full factorial design to quantify the effects of future seasonal shifts and extremes in precipitation. We will: 1) determine to what extent higher biological diversity ensures that grasslands can continue to provide multiple ecosystem services even in the context of climate change and 2) unravel the fundamental mechanisms by which this is achieved including species asynchrony and positive species interactions. Results of our experimental approach will advance our understanding of the buffering potential of plant diversity and contribute to the development of strategies for sustainable service provisioning of our ecosystems in the face of climate change.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.10.e129357

Authors: Christiane Werner, Ulrike Wallrabe, Andreas Christen, Laura Comella, Carsten Dormann, Anna Göritz, Rüdiger Grote, Simon Haberstroh, Mazin Jouda, Ralf Kiese, Barbara Koch, Jan Korvink, Jürgen Kreuzwieser, Friederike Lang, Julian Müller, Oswald Prucker, Alexander Reiterer, Jürgen Rühe, Stefan Rupitsch, Helmer Schack-Kirchner, Katrin Schmitt, Nina Stobbe, Markus Weiler, Peter Woias, Jürgen Wöllenstein

Abstract: Global climate change threatens ecosystem functioning worldwide. Forest ecosystems are particularly important for carbon sequestration, thereby buffering climate change and providing socio-economic services. However, recurrent stresses, such as heat waves, droughts and floods can affect forests with potential cascading effects on their carbon sink capacity, drought resilience and sustainability. Knowledge about the stress impact on the multitude of processes driving soil-plant-atmosphere interactions within these complex forest systems is widely lacking and uncertainty about future changes extremely high. Thus, forecasting forest response to climate change will require a dramatically improved process understanding of carbon and water cycling across various temporal (minutes to seasons) and spatial (leaf to ecosystem) scales covering atmosphere, biosphere, pedosphere and hydrosphere components.Many relevant processes controlling carbon and water exchange occur at small scales (e.g. rhizosphere, single leaf) with a high spatial and temporal variability, which is poorly constrained. However, interactions and feedback loops can be key players that amplify or dampen a system’s response to stress. Moreover, spatial and temporal scaling rules for these non-linear processes in structurally and functionally diverse ecosystems are unknown. Legacy effects, for example, altered response after previous stress and retarded recovery of forests after climate extremes, are not captured in state-of-the-art models. Currently, we are lacking the appropriate and interconnected measurement, data assimilation and modelling tools allowing for a comprehensive, real-time quantification of key processes at high spatio-temporal coverage in heterogeneous environments. Moreover, since climate impacts are highly unpredictable with respect to timing and location, future research will require novel mobile, easily deployable and cost-efficient approaches. ECOSENSE, therefore, assembles expertise from environmental and engineering sciences, both being excellently paired at the University of Freiburg.Our interdisciplinary research project will investigate all relevant scales in a next-generation ecosystem research assessment (ECOSENSE). Our vision is to detect and forecast critical changes in ecosystem functioning, based on the understanding of hierarchical process interaction. In the first phase, ECOSENSE will explore these process interactions by investigating pools and fluxes of water and carbon, i.e. CO2 exchange, isotope discrimination and volatile organic compounds (VOC), as well as stress indicators by remotely and in situ sensed chlorophyll fluorescence.To address these research tasks, ECOSENSE will develop, implement and test a distributed, autonomous, intelligent sensor network, based on novel microsensors tailored to the specific needs in remote and harsh forest environments. They will measure the spatio-temporal dynamics of ecosystem pools and fluxes in a naturally complex structured forest system with minimal physiological impact. Measured data will be transferred in real-time into a sophisticated database, which will be explored for process analysis, conducted by Artificial Intelligence and close to real-time process-based ecosystem models for now- and forecasting applications. Thereby, ECOSENSE will: i) break new ground for integrative ecosystem research by identifying hierarchies and interactions of abiotic and physiological processes of forest carbon and water exchange, ii) provide a profound understanding of complex ecosystem responses to environmental stressors and iii) enable the prediction of process-based alterations in ecosystem functioning and sustainability.Our novel ECOSENSE toolkit, tested and validated in controlled climate extreme experiments and our ECOSENSE Forest, will open new horizons for rapid assessment in vast and remote ecosystems. Thereby, ECOSENSE will allow for a unique avenue of data acquisition and, consequently, for unprecedented scale-crossing ecosystem understanding and modelling.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e130555

Authors: Toke Thomas Høye, Pavel Stoev, Pierre Bonnet, W. Daniel Kissling

Abstract: The MAMBO project is developing novel monitoring tools to enhance knowledge of the state of European biodiversity. Through its demonstration sites and stakeholder engagement, MAMBO is showcasing its new technologies' effectiveness and added value. It thus provides critical input on how biodiversity-related monitoring efforts can be coordinated at the EU level. As such, MAMBO has the potential to improve the ecological monitoring landscape in Europe and beyond substantially. MAMBO contributes to the aims of the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 by ensuring better coordination and streamlining of biodiversity observations in Europe.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.10.e125086

Authors: Bekir Afsar, Kyle Eyvindson, Tuomas Rossi, Martijn Versluijs, Otso Ovaskainen

Abstract: Forests are crucial in supporting biodiversity and providing ecosystem services. Understanding forest biodiversity dynamics under different management strategies and climate change scenarios is essential for effective conservation and management. This paper introduces the Forest Biodiversity Dynamics Prototype Digital Twin (pDT), integrating forest and biodiversity models to predict the effects of management options on forest ecosystems. The primary objective is to identify optimal management strategies that promote biodiversity, focusing on conservation and adaptation to different climate conditions. We start with the case of Finnish forests and bird species and plan to expand to include more European countries and a variety of species as the pDT is further developed.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.10.e125192

Authors: Desalegn Chala, Erik Kusch, Claus Weiland, Carrie Andrew, Jonas Grieb, Tuomas Rossi, Tomas Martinovic, Dag Endresen

Abstract: Amidst population growth and climate-driven crop stresses such as drought, extreme weather, fungal and insect pests, as well as various crop diseases, ensuring food security demands innovative strategies. Crop wild relatives (CWR), wild plants in the same genus as the crop as well as wild populations belonging to the same species as the crop, offer novel genetic resources crucial for enhancing crop resilience against these stress factors. Here, we introduce a prototype digital twin (pDT) to aid in searching and utilising CWR genetic resources. Using the MoDGP (Modelling the Germplasm of Interest) tool, the pDT enables mapping geographic areas where stress-tolerant CWR populations can be found. With its graphical user interface, it offers flexibility in selecting genetic resources from CWR tailored to enhance resilience of various crops against diverse stress factors.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e129447

Authors: Néstor Fernández, José Manuel Álvarez-Martínez, Lluís Brotons, Ana Ceia-Hasse, Marcel Buchhorn, César Capinha, Benoît O. L. Demars, Carlos Guerra, Ute Jandt, Borja Jimenez-Alfaro, W. Daniel Kissling, Maria Lumbierres, Andres Marmol-Guijarro, Henrique M. Pereira, Anne Lyche Solheim, Judy Shamoun-Baranes, Bruno Smets

Abstract: This report discusses the potential synergies of the EBVs developed in each showcase, in conjunction with existing environmental policies, for a comprehensive assessment of European biodiversity.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e128926

Authors: Irene Calderon Sanou, Carlos Guerra, Graciela Rusch, Sergei Põlme, Joachim Maes, Néstor Fernández

Abstract: The Deliverable discusses the critical role of soil in supporting terrestrial ecosystems, agriculture, and global climate regulation. It highlights that a significant portion of European soils are currently unhealthy, which has far-reaching consequences, including risks to human health, the environment, and the economy. Soil degradation affects food security, water quality, climate change, and biodiversity. It also emphasizes the importance of soil monitoring in Europe to ensure sustainable land management, preserve biodiversity, and mitigate environmental challenges. Healthy soils are essential for agriculture, food security, and climate resilience. The European Union (EU) recognizes the importance of soil health in addressing the food needs of a growing global population increasing the need for improved soil monitoring. It also discusses the role of advanced remote sensing technologies in soil monitoring and mentions initiatives and projects focused on soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. This Deliverable highlights the showcase in soil restoration and climate change mitigation that is aimed at developing soil essential biodiversity variables to test the capacity of current datasets and monitoring frameworks to provide relevant information on the distribution and future trends of key soil biodiversity variables. The development process also stakeholder engagement in the context of selecting essential biodiversity variables (EBVs). Two main approaches were used: a working group involving researchers and targeted meetings with institutional stakeholders. Key meetings were held with stakeholders from organizations such as the European Environmental Agency, the Joint Research Center, and German soil and biodiversity monitoring agencies. These meetings aimed to gather input and insights on the selection of EBVs. The stakeholder engagement process revealed three key points: i) the importance of using readily available and open data to ensure data continuity and promote transparency and accessibility (this includes data from sources like the European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC) and GBIF, as well as point data from the LUCAS sampling framework); ii) the need for diversity in modeling approaches, incorporating multiple data sources and levels of expertise (the goal is to showcase the potential use of existing information and allow various stakeholders to identify their roles in producing soil-based EBVs for different functions or ecosystem services); and iii) the importance of including climate and land use prediction data in modeling frameworks when possible. Overall, the stakeholder engagement process emphasized the significance of data accessibility, diverse modeling approaches, and the incorporation of relevant future data in the selection and development of essential biodiversity variables. Furthermore, the Deliverable discusses the existing gap in the EU's legal framework concerning soil management and highlights the proposed Soil Monitoring Law as a comprehensive framework to address this gap. The outcomes of this Deliverable align with several EU environmental policy initiatives, such as the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, the Zero Pollution Action Plan, the Circular Economy Action Plan, and the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability. Finally, it proceeds with the selection of essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) for soil-related monitoring within the EuropaBON initiative. Three primary soil-related EBVs have been chosen: 'Functional Composition of soil biota' and 'Community Biomass of soil microbes' and ‘Taxonomic diversity’. These EBVs belong to the 'Community Composition' class within the 'Terrestrial' realm category.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e128550

Authors: Martin Baptist, Richard Marijnissen, Grzegorz Różyński, Rosaria Ester Musumeci, Massimiliano Marino, Laura Borzi, Agata di Stefano, Morgane Jolivet, Alice Stocco, Fabienne Horneman, Silvia Rova, Silvia Torresan, Elisa Furlan, Caterina Dabalà, Francesca Coccon, Andrea Critto, Fabio Pranovi, Ferran Bertomeu, Carles Ibáñez, Nuno Caiola, Elitsa Hineva, Nataliya Andreeva, Petya Eftimova, Bogdan Prodanov, Valentina Doncheva, Nikolay Valchev, Shylee Berg, Mathis Cognat

Abstract: This deliverable presents the generation of EUNIS habitat maps for Europe as a whole and for each of the pilot areas in REST-COAST. Subsequently, it presents the assignment of semi-quantitative scores for the contribution of each EUNIS (sub)habitat to the five key ecosystem services applying the rank scale 0 (none), 1 (very low contribution), 2 (low contribution), 3 (medium contribution), 4 (high contribution) to 5 (very high contribution). It also describes the assignment of the IUCN Red List of Habitats to each of the depicted EUNIS (sub)habitats in the pilot areas. And finally, to assess coastal system behaviour and restoration effects on ecosystem services and biodiversity gains under climate change, a homogenised score card methodology is presented to overcome the problem of comparing minor changes (some percents) with major changes (tens of percents) in the total scores for ESS or BDV in each pilot area.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e128158

Authors: Helge Bruelheide, Ute Jandt, Néstor Fernández, Andres Marmol-Guijarro, Bruno Smets, Marcel Buchhorn, Lori Giagnacovo, Giorgia Milli, Borja Jimenez-Alfaro, Jose Manuel Álvarez-Martínez

Abstract: The report demonstrates the potential workflows to leverage monitoring data on biodiversity to assess the status of two selected habitats of the Habitats Directive, Nardus grasslands (EU habitats directive Annex I 6230*) and forest dominated by Fagus sylvatica on acidic soils (habitat 9110).

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e128109

Authors: Anne Lyche Solheim, Benoît O. L. Demars, Marit Mjelde, Jannicke Moe, Andres Marmol-Guijarro, Sophie Mentzel, Jan-Erik Thrane, Jes Rasmussen, Benno Dillinger

Abstract: This report provides a showcase of selected EBVs related to the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and possible synergies with other EU policies. The report consists of two major parts: the species level EBV on macrophyte species in Nordic lakes and the community structure EBVs for phytoplankton in lakes and benthic invertebrates in rivers based on their deviation from natural conditions measured by Ecological Quality Ratios (EQR-values). The macrophytes species level part is produced by Benoit Demars at NIVA supported by a number of co-authors, including data providers (see frontpage), while the community structure EBVs based on EQR values are produced by Jannicke Moe, Sophie Mentzel, Jan-Erik Thrane and Anne Lyche Solheim at NIVA. All EIONET data providers of EQR-values reported to WISE-2 are kindly acknowledged.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e128042

Authors: Camino Liquete, Dimitrios Bormpoudakis, Joachim Maes, Ian McCallum, W. Daniel Kissling, Lluís Brotons, Tom Breeze, Alejandra Moran, Maria Lumbierres, Leonie Friedrich, Sergi Herrando, Anne Lyche Solheim, Miguel Fernandez, Néstor Fernández, Tim Hirsch, Laurence Carvalho, Petteri Vihervaara, Jessi Junker, Ivelina Georgieva, Ingolf Kühn, Roy Van Grunsven, Aino Lipsanen, Guillaume Body, Hilary Goodson, Jose Valdez, Aletta Bonn, Henrique M. Pereira

Abstract: Observations are key to understanding the state of nature, the drivers of biodiversity loss and the impacts on ecosystem services and ultimately on people. Many EU policies and initiatives call for unbiased, integrated and regularly updated data on biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, biodiversity monitoring efforts are spatially and temporally fragmented, taxonomically biased and not integrated across Europe. EuropaBON has addressed this gap by developing an EU-wide framework for biodiversity monitoring. With this deliverable, EuropaBON proposes the terms of reference for an EU Biodiversity Observation Coordination Centre (EBOCC), a permanent infrastructure that could coordinate and foster the generation and use of high quality data to underpin the biodiversity knowledge-base used across EU policies, providing guidance and trainings when necessary. Such a centre represents one of the key solutions to overcome the critical challenges of biodiversity monitoring in Europe. Having this integrated and continuous monitoring capacity would allow more timely and efficient interventions that would optimise our capacity to revert biodiversity loss and prevent environmental degradation. It would also increase the value-added to the data flows, reaching high-value outputs with some existing low-value inputs. This deliverable offers a critical analysis of the existing monitoring landscape in Europe, extracting key messages about the main challenges, lessons learned and possible solutions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of needs and, most importantly, on an inclusive consultation process, the deliverable designs an EBOCC that tackles the key biodiversity monitoring challenges. The proposal specifies the mission, the tasks, the most urgent topics, the main policies and the key stakeholders that the EBOCC should serve and focus on during the first stage of its implementation. It also includes detailed analyses about governance models and potential costs. With this proposal, EuropaBON fosters the setting up and testing an operational EBOCC that could address the urgent need for coordination, integration, harmonisation and strengthening of biodiversity data collection and analysis, in order to inform policy-making at local, national, European and international level.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e126021

Authors: Sergi Herrando, Sara Fraixedas, Guillem Pocull, Dani Villero, Anna Gamero, David Martí, Verena Keller, Petr Voříšek, Alena Klvaňová, Gabriel Gargallo, Lluís Brotons

Abstract: This deliverable shows, using farmland birds as a demonstrative case study, how the existing European network of bird monitoring schemes could be used to regularly update the distribution of terrestrial breeding birds across the whole of EU and neighbouring countries. In addition, it shows how changes in distribution could be assessed on frequent intervals suitable for informing on the achievement of EU environmental policy targets.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115410

Authors: Fausto Favero, Lieke Hüsken, Jochen Hinkel, Heleen Vreugdenhi, Umberto Pernice, Michael Sedlmeier

Abstract: This deliverable is the first contribution of Work Package 3 to the REST-COAST Project. The overarching purpose of REST-COAST is to provide the tools to address some of the key challenges faced by coastal ecosystems restoration. To achieve this objective, REST-COAST will improve coastal restoration practice and techniques through new hands-on restoration pilot projects, co-design effective governance arrangements and policies, and generate new tools and data for risk reduction assessment. In addition to these activities, Work Package 3 will design innovative financial arrangements and bankable business plans to support the implementation and thescaling up of coastal ecosystem restoration.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115409

Authors: Gabriela Popova, Iliyana Demirova, Boris Barov

Abstract: The main goals of WP6 Dissemination, exploitation and social transformation tools, are to establish and maintain a distinct project identity, as well as to maximise the impact of project results by marketing andcommunicating them to stakeholders and the broader public. To ensure the efficient communication, Pensoft has developed a number of promotional materials reflecting the REST-COAST corporate identity, aswell as a project website.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115391

Authors: Ruth Delzeit, Simone Markoff, Alena Schmidt, Birgit Mueller, Meike Will, Chunhui Li, Jodi Gunning, Guy Ziv

Abstract: This deliverable report provides an integration guide on how information gained in BESTMAP’s agent-based model can be used in the standard economic model to improve the assessment of agricultural policies in the European Union. First, the models used in the BESTMAP are explained. The integration guide discusses in detail the preconditions and challenges when linking agent-based models with standard economic models such as partial and general equilibrium models. As a result of an expert workshop, six challenges are identified. The report also presents suggestions on how to make use of the finding and presents a way forward to integrate the two types of models.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115390

Authors: Milica Trajković, Dajana Vujaklija, Pavel Stoev, Anna Sapundzhieva, Guy Ziv, Jodi Gunning

Abstract: Deliverable 6.3 Communication and Dissemination plan comprises actions, tools and channels to be used throughout the BESTMAP project scope. The purpose of this document is to outline the strategy, to define means of communication, tools and actions that will be done within the BESTMAP project in order to reach a wide range of stakeholders. This plan is a living document and will be officially updated in month 24 (D6.8). The first chapter of the Communication and Dissemination Plan explains the wider context of the project and highlights how the project duration and geographical scope impact the communication and dissemination activities. The second chapter presents communication and dissemination strategy including definition of objectives and target audiences, communication tools and key messages. The third chapter presents AGRIMODELS cluster, while the fourth chapter explains Social Media Strategy. The aim of the fifth chapter is to emphasize the importance of project partners’ involvement in communication and dissemination activities, and the sixth chapter showcases the list of relevant conferences for presentation of the BESTMAP project. Seventh chapter presents an action plan for communication and dissemination activities while a list of references can be found in chapter eight.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115389

Authors: Stephanie Roilo, Anna Cord, Michael Beckmann, Anne Paulus, Katharina Schneider, Predrag Lugonja, Arjan Gosal, Rosemary Wool, George Breckenridge, Jodi Gunning, Guy Ziv

Abstract: This document describes the interrelationships between the ecosystem services, biodiversity and socio-economic outputs modelled in the Work Package 3 (WP3), to identify bundles of co-occurring services. Furthermore, this document presents an analysis of how different types of Agri-Environmental Measures (AEM) drive trade-offs and synergies among different services. The analysis spans two AEM adoption scenarios, one without AEM and one reflecting the current AEM adoption levels, for all five Case Studies (CS) of BESTMAP.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115388

Authors: Guido Riembauer, Markus Metz, Guy Ziv, Jodi Gunning, James Bullock, Paul Evans, Tomáš Václavík, Fanny Langerwisch, Marek Bednář, Sanja Brdar, Predrag Lugonja

Abstract: This deliverable provides an overview of all work conducted in the context of Activity 5.3.1 (Developing remote sensing indicators) with respect to Farming System Archetype (FSA) Mapping (Task 5.3). This work is based on the FSA definition and mapping in ‘D2.2 - Conceptual Framework’ and ‘D3.5 - Farming System Archetypes for each CS’ and investigates the potential of remote sensing methods to inform different dimensions of FSAs. Findings from this analysis will contribute to the BESTMAP roadmap (Task 5.4). Specifically, methodologies for crop type mapping, crop yield estimation, and field boundary mapping are investigated in different case study regions and their relevance for FSAs are shown.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115387

Authors: Fanny Langerwisch, Tomáš Václavík, Marek Bednář, Guy Ziv, Jodi Gunning, Arjan Gosal, Anne Paulus, Sanja Brdar, Predrag Lugonja, Stefanija Stojkovic, Stephanie Roilo, Anna Cord

Abstract: This deliverable provides an overview of the methods and data used for developing the Farming System Archetypes (FSAs) in the five case studies - Humber, Mulde, SouthMoravia, Bačka and Catalonia. Additionally, it discusses limitations as well as problems and presents solutions. The FSAs are a generalized typology of farming systems that are assumed to have similar response to policy change. FSAs are a major component of the BESTMAP modelling architecture because they provide linkages between many aspects of the project, especially connecting the biophysical and agent-based modelling in the case studies (CS), based on local data (e.g. IACS/LPIS, for explanation see Methodology), with the modelling of policy effects at the EU level, based on FADN micro-data within the FADN regions. The FSA framework defines the main farm characteristics determined by two main dimensions: firstly farm specialization and secondly economic size, both calculated and mapped for each farm in the CSs. ‘Farmer agents’ who belong to the same FSA are then assumed to have similar decision patterns regarding the adoption of agri-environmental schemes, based on the relationships revealed in the CS agent-based models.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115386

Authors: Felix Wittstock, David Hötten, Sofia Biffi, Cristina Domingo-Marimon, Bořivoj Šarapatka, Marek Bednář, Minučer Mesaroš

Abstract: This deliverable presents a Summaries of data, obstacles and challenges from interview campaigns of the H2020 BESTMAP project. It aims at documenting the BESTMAP interview campaigns carried out to obtain data on farmers’ decision-making with regard to agri-environmental schemes (AES). It covers a detailed description of methodology, reporting on the concrete steps taken to collect and analyze interview data. It also discusses obstacles and challenges to BESTMAP interview campaigns. Finally, the deliverable presents the main qualitative and quantitative findings of the interview analysis, with a focus on qualitative content analysis of open interview questions.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115385

Authors: Ruth Delzeit, Simone Markoff, Sneha Thube

Abstract: This deliverable report elaborates on the development and results of a set of policy scenarios that represent the outcomes of Task 2.4. After clarifying the objective of the deliverable, key features of the DART-BIO model are explained, followed by a definition of two biofuel scenarios in which the EU’s Renewable Energy Directive (RED) and in addition global biofuel policies are implemented. Further, two specifications of international climate policies are defined and their implementation explained. In the result section, the impacts of these policies on the EU’s agricultural markets and land-use change are illustrated. The results show that with the RED including a ban on palm-oil based biodiesel in place, EU’s rapeseed production and therewith also land used to cultivate rapeseed rises, while also imports of other vegetable oils increase. Land-use change outside the EU is limited. Adding biofuel policies in non-EU regions causes global land use-change towards more cropland used for biofuel feedstock (e.g. soybeans, palm fruit) at the expense of pasture land and crops not used for biofuel production. When implementing climate policies, the conversion of pasture land on the global average is reduced. Depending on the specification of climate policies (having a CO2 or all GHG emission reduction target), land-use change is affected differently. When only considering CO2 emissions, more biofuels and feedstock are imported into the EU, resulting in less area (-3 percentage points) devoted to rapeseed production compared to a situation with biofuel policies but no climate policy. Adding all GHG emissions to the reduction targets leads to a reduction of 1 percentage point in rapeseed areas in the EU since emission pricing reduces demand for livestock production. The results can serve as input into Agent-Based Modelling in case studies across the EU, changing land-use patterns and opportunity costs of participation in agri-environmental schemes.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115384

Authors: Cristina Domingo-Marimon, Joan Masó Pau, Guy Ziv, Jodi Gunning

Abstract: Dashboards for data visualisation and decision-making are information management tools that visually display, analyse and provide metrics of data, for better decisions and understanding improvement.Dashboards provide critical reporting of spatialised data and associated metrics information and are essential for displaying model results, guiding decisions and better navigating the landscape. The main aim of the dashboards is to quickly gain insights into the most relevant results of the data displayed. The main added value for users is that information is transformed into knowledge which is useful for decisions on policy making.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115383

Authors: Guy Ziv, Jodi Gunning, Tomáš Václavík, Michael Beckmann, Anne Paulus, Birgit Mueller, Meike Will, Anna Cord, Stephanie Roilo, James Bullock, Paul Evans, Cristina Domingo-Marimon, Joan Masó Pau

Abstract: This deliverable provides a General Framework for the BESTMAP Policy Impact Assessment Modelling (BESTMAP-PIAM) toolset. An update of the framework will be provided later in the project in Deliverable 2.4. The BESTMAP-PIAM is based on the notion of defining (a) a typology of agricultural systems, with one (or more) representative case study (CS) in each major system; (b) mapping all individual farms within the case study to a Farm System Archetype (FSA) typology; (c) model the adoption of agri-environmental schemes (AES) within the spatially-mapped FSA population using Agent Based Models (ABM), based on literature and a survey with sufficient representative sample in each FSA of each CS, to elucidate the non-monetary drivers underpinning AES adoption and the relative importance of financial and non-financial/social/identity drivers; (d) linking AES adoption to a set of biophysical, ecological and socio-economic impact models; (e) upscaling the CS level results to EU scale; (f) linking the outputs of these models to indicators developed for the post-2020 CAP output, result and impact reports; (g) visualizing outputs and providing a dashboard for policy makers to explore a range of policy scenarios, focusing on cost-effectiveness of different AES.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115382

Authors: Guy Ziv, Jodi Gunning, Anna Cord, Michael Beckmann, Anne Paulus, Tomáš Václavík, Cristina Domingo-Marimon, James Bullock, Paul Evans, Milica Trajković

Abstract: This document is the first version of the Data Management Plan of the H2020 BESMAP project. The Data Management Plan is intended as a living document and updated versions of this document will be produced in month 18 (D1.4) and month 36 (D1.6). The scope of the Data Management Plan is to describe the data management life cycle of all data sets that will be collected, processed or generated by the BESTMAP project. This document outlines how research data will be handled during the BESTMAP project, and after the project is completed. This Data Management Plan describes what data will be collected, processed or generated and what methodology and standards will be applied, whether and how this data will be shared and/or made open, and how it will be curated and preserved.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e115381

Authors: Pavel Stoev, Anna Sapundzhieva, Teodor Georgiev, Margarita Grudova, Guy Ziv, Jodi Gunning

Abstract: To promote and disseminate the BESTMAP research across stakeholders and the general public, and to raise awareness of the project findings, BESTMAP launched a website at the initial phase of the project. This report describes in detail the purpose, creation process and content of the BESTMAP website – the project’s key tool for successful dissemination, communication and knowledge transfer. The deliverable also describes the current and future implementation and maintenance of the website.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e114825

Authors: Carles Ibáñez, Alba Alemany, Ferran Bertomeu, Silvia Frias, Judith Molero, Roberto Merciai, Laura Puertolas

Abstract: Coastal regions provide some of the most productive and biodiverse environments with an important and often underappreciated carbon storage potential. At the same time, they are among the areas of highest population density, natural assets, and cultural heritage in the world, yet are experiencing significant social, economic and environmental challenges, exacerbated by climate change and human pressures.The Rest-Coast Project (Large scale RESToration of COASTal ecosystems through rivers to sea connectivity) is an EU Horizon 2020 research project (Grant agreement No. 101037097) whose overall goal is to address with effective and innovative tools the key challenges faced by coastal ecosystem restoration across Europe. The approach chosen for this project will deliver a highly interdisciplinary contribution, with the demonstration of improved practices and techniques for hands-on ecosystem restoration across several pilot sites, supported by the co-design of innovative governance and financial arrangements, as well as an effective strategy for the dissemination of results.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e114824

Authors: Carla Danelutti, Emmi Lindqvist, Maria del Mar Otero, Mindert de Vries, Albert Vos, Nuno Caiola, Vicente Gracia, Nil Alvarez, Laura Puertolas, Jaime Ordonez, Silvia Torresan, Caterina Dabalà, Francesca Coccon, Grzegorz Różyński, Nikolay Valchev, Nataliya Andreeva, Elitsa Hineva, Olivier Boutron, Rosaria Ester Musumeci, Massimiliano Marino, Christophe Briere, Julien Dalle, Margot Defoort-Levkov, Margot Ahr, Yael Salame-Rubin, Simon Nemtzov, Avi Uzan

Abstract: Coastal regions provide some of the most productive and biodiverse environments with an important and often underappreciated carbon storage potential. At the same time, they are among the areas of highest population density, natural assets and cultural heritage in the world, yet are experiencing significant social, economic and environmental challenges, exacerbated by climate change and human pressures.The REST-COAST project (Large scale RESToration of COASTal ecosystems through rivers to sea connectivity) will demonstrate to what extent upscaled coastal restoration can provide a low-carbon adaptation, reducing risks and providing gains in biodiversity for vulnerable coastal ecosystems, such as wetlands or sea grass beds. By overcoming present technical, economic, governance and social barriers to restoration upscaling, REST-COAST will develop the large scale river-coast connectivity and increase the nearshore accommodation space for the resilient delivery of coastal ecosystem services (ESs). The selected ESs (risk reduction, environmental quality and fish provisioning) touch urgent coastal problems such as the erosion/flooding during recent storms or the accelerating coastal habitat degradation that seriously affects fisheries and aquaculture. Combining new techniques, risk assessments, innovative financial/governance arrangements and homogeneous metrics for ESs and biodiversity, REST-COAST will develop a systemic approach to coastal restoration based on a scalable coastal adaptation plan.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e114653

Authors: Anna Cord, Stephanie Roilo, Michael Beckmann, Anne Paulus, Katharina Schneider, Predrag Lugonja, Tijana Nikolić, Fanny Langerwisch, Marek Bednář, Tomáš Václavík, Paul Evans, Arjan Gosal, Rosemary Wool, George Breckenridge, Guy Ziv, Jodi Gunning

Abstract: This deliverable provides a report on the biodiversity and ecosystem services (ESS) models as well as the socio-economic statistical model, generated in the Work Package 3 (WP3) - Farming System Archetypes of BESTMAP. A general overview of the research goals and guiding principles under which the models were developed is given, followed by a detailed description of the four biophysical models (biodiversity, food and fodder, carbon sequestration and water quality) and of the socio-economic model, each with case study (CS) examples. This document is accompanied by model factsheets (see Appendix) which loosely follow the structure of the ODMAP (Overview, Data, Model, Assessment and Prediction) protocol developed by Zurell et al. (2020). The deliverable also discusses the obstacles and challenges encountered during the model adaptation and implementation in the different CS, and how the model outputs will be used in various other tasks within the project.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e109168

Authors: Alejandra Morán-Ordóñez, David Martí Pino, Lluís Brotons

Abstract: This report describes the database on biodiversity monitoring initiatives at the European level collected by EuropaBON (WP3 - task 3.1; EuropaBON biodiversity database from hereon) and the web-based platform (website) that contains it. The website serves the dual purpose of being the platform for data entry, as well as to allow the visualisation and quick consultation of the collected data. This report also gives a brief summary of the data collected up to the date of delivery of the report (end November 2021). Previous efforts on collecting information on existing monitoring efforts in Europe have concentrated in describing programs using a generalist approach that has received criticism because of lack of completeness even for well documented groups such as birds. Including all available information on monitoring in Europe at any spatial scale is difficult because of the high number of unlinked initiatives, specially at local scales, and the dynamic nature of these projects both in terms of the emergence of new efforts and the disappearance of old ones. To address this challenge, the EuropaBON project focusses on the monitoring network concept and aims at identifying, with priority, those monitoring efforts that are coordinated and especially those in which this coordination is consistent at a supranational level and at the European scale. Coordination in the context of monitoring is related to the integration of data and information across scales which is the underlying concept of a future successful biodiversity monitoring network in Europe.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e107578

Authors: Alex Vermeulen, Dick Schaap, Angeliki Adamaki, Tjerk Krijger, Raul Bardaji, Andreu Fornos, Ivan Rodero, Damien Boulanger, Cathrine Myhre, Richard Rud, Zois Zogopoulos, Claudio D’Onofrio, Gwenaelle Moncoiffé

Abstract: The Environmental Research Infrastructure (ENVRI) community is a cluster of European research infrastructures focused on the environment and Earth system science. The ENVRI-FAIR project aims to advance the FAIRness of their data and services with emphasis on interoperability and connect the ENVRI community to the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC). In this article, we present a proposal for a science project that will develop and launch a dashboard for environmental indicators as a contribution from the ENVRI cluster to the EOSC platform. The dashboard will provide easy access to environmental data and services from multiple research infrastructures and disciplines and support interdisciplinary Earth system science and societal challenges. The proposal describes the objectives, implementation, impact, and dissemination measures of the project, as well as the partners involved and the target groups that can benefit from the dashboard service. We explain how the dashboard will showcase the usefulness and relevance of the observations provided by the research infrastructures, and how it will engage a larger community of researchers and potential data providers in co-creation processes. We also discuss how the dashboard will make use of existing and new EOSC services and resources, and how it will contribute to several EU initiatives and directives related to the environment and climate change.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e106369

Authors: Christos Arvanitidis, Ron Dekker, Andreas Petzold, Niklas Blomberg, Giovanni Lamanna, Rudolf Dimper, Cristina Isabel Huertas Olivares, Ana Mellado, Matthew Viljoen, Sally Chambers, Montserrat González, Sophie Viscido

Abstract: The Special Collection of articles on the Science Projects of the EOSC Future project, funded by the European Commission, refers to one of the essential components of the project. This editorial article explains how the Science Projects fit to the EOSC Future, the way their concept has been developed and evolved during the preparation and the implementation of the project and it also makes an introduction to the templates developed by the Science Projects as a plan to carry out their activities.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e105599

Authors: Tom Breeze, Miguel Fernandez, Ian McCallum, Alejandra Morán-Ordóñez, Henrique Pereira, Jessi Junker

Abstract: Financial factors are among the most widely cited bottlenecks around biodiversity monitoring but are relatively poorly studied, compared to monitoring methodologies. The existing body of literature on the cost-effectiveness of monitoring focuses heavily on the hypothetical costs of generating data rather than the practical realities of undertaking and managing monitoring. To address this we used a combination of surveys and semi-structured interviews with 67 biodiversity monitoring managers to provide an in-depth exploration of 1) what are the main rivers of their costs, 2) how different factors affect their cost-effectiveness in generating biodiversity monitoring data, 3) What is the scale and economic value of volunteer labor and 4) what are the main cost bottlenecks and spending priorities. Analysis of these responses demonstrates that monitoring efforts are able to generate more data at a lower cost when they have a) higher numbers of volunteers, b) greater densities of sites and c) monitor a wider range of taxa and habitats. Volunteer labour was worth millions of Euros to these organizations, sometimes more than their total costs. Total budgets and volunteer recruitment and retention were the main cost related bottlenecks among respondents, while staff recruitment was the highest priority for new spending.  The results and discussion around them highlight the challenges faced by biodiversity monitoring organizations, particularly in recruiting and retaining qualified staff for the long-term. We produce a series of nine key messages and six recommendations for policy-markers and funders going forward.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e105600

Authors: Maria Dornelas, Cher Chow, Robert Patchett, Tom Breeze, Lluís Brotons, Pedro Beja, Laurence Carvalho, Ute Jandt, Jessi Junker, W. Daniel Kissling, Ingolf Kühn, Maria Lumbierres, Anne Lyche Solheim, Marit Mjelde, Francisco Moreira, Martin Musche, Henrique Pereira, Leonard Sandin, Roy Van Grunsven

Abstract: The goal of this task was to identify and characterise novel methods for biodiversity monitoring, and to assess their suitability for large scale deployment across Europe. To address this goal we combined extensive literature searches with expert consultation, namely using a survey and through an online workshop. The outcome of our searches is summarised in a metadatabase, which includes 282 methods or method components, which have been classified according to EBV classes addressed, target taxa, and broad method type the method relates to. We then consulted experts within the EuropaBON network and beyond, on the advantages and challenges associated with each of these novel methods, as well as their technology readiness level. In combination, our approaches revealed a wealth of novel methods and a highly active research field, with extensive emerging innovation on several fronts. However, it also revealed high variability in technology readiness, with lack of validation being a prevalent hurdle yet to be overcome for many applications of these methods (i.e. for some taxa and in some environments). Moreover, the opportunities for expansion in observations created by these novel approaches open new challenges associated to the standardisation, integration and storage of biodiversity monitoring data. Finally, the expansion of observations should take a designed approach, in order to deliver on its potential to improve representation and resolution of biodiversity monitoring, and should aim to complement rather than replace human observations. 

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e104251

Authors: Hannah Moersberger, Juliette G. C. Martin, Jessi Junker, Ivelina Georgieva, Joachim Maes, Ian McCallum, Henrique M. Pereira, Aletta Bonn

Abstract: In order to assess user and policy needs related to biodiversity monitoring and data, the EuropaBON project invited national experts to fill in this survey in August 2021. The survey was tailored to the national level and aimed at identifying current monitoring efforts, data flows from collection to reporting, data uptake by policymaking, challenges and roadblocks, as well as biodiversity variables and indicators for a desirable future. On behalf of the European Commission (DG Environment) and EuropaBON, the surveys were sent out to all national focal points of the European Environment Information and Observation Network (Eionet) as well as key national agencies. Eionet is a partnership network of the European Environment Agency (EEA) and its 38 member and cooperating countries to gather and develop data, knowledge, and advice to policy makers about Europe's environment. The results of our surveys form the basis for the analysis of the EuropaBON User and Policy Needs Assessment (DOI) and inform the design of the Europa Biodiversity Observation Network and its work programme. We published the original responses of survey sections A and B in the annex of the User and Policy Needs Assessment. Responses of section C were synthesised in the assessment.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e103765

Authors: Alejandra Morán-Ordóñez, Pedro Beja, Sara Fraixedas, Sergi Herrando, Jessi Junker, W. Daniel Kissling, Maria Lumbierres, Anne Lyche Solheim, Gabriel Miret, Jannicke Moe, Francisco Moreira, Henrique Pereira, Joana Santana, Dani Villero, Lluís Brotons

Abstract: The EuropaBON project seeks to design a European Biodiversity Observation Network to monitor the status and trends of European biodiversity and ecosystems in the coming years. To accomplish this, the project has brought together biodiversity monitoring experts and other relevant stakeholders from various sectors (policy, NGO, academia, business, citizen science) from all over Europe. These have agreed on a list of 70 Essential Biodiversity Variables (Deliverable 4.1) that should enable tracking the progress of biodiversity-oriented policy instruments and provide information on changes in biodiversity at different levels.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e103657

Authors: Joana Santana, Miguel Porto, Lluís Brotons, Jessi Junker, W. Daniel Kissling, Maria Lumbierres, Jannicke Moe, Alejandra Morán-Ordóñez, Henrique Pereira, Anne Lyche Solheim, Dani Villero, Francisco Moreira, Pedro Beja

Abstract: The co-design of a European Observatory Observation Network requires information on the existing monitoring capacity in Europe, including the quantity and quality of the data available to generate the Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) identified in Task 4.1 at the spatial- and temporal resolutions desired by users and policy. In this document, we provide a framework to identify the main monitoring gaps to produce European-wide EBVs. Specifically, we provide a detailed and spatially explicit information (country-level) on monitoring gaps for the production of 44 EBVs by analyzing the data flowing to current and past monitoring integration initiatives according to the defined criteria (country coverage; taxonomic/ecosystem coverage; standardized monitoring; time-series data; long-term monitoring; ongoing monitoring; sampling frequency; spatial coverage density; minimum sampling unit; raw data available). Results are presented in factsheets for each EBV and summarized across EBV classes and realms.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e101949

Authors: W. Daniel Kissling, Maria Lumbierres

Abstract: This document will form the basis for the EuropaBON virtual workshop on EBV workflows (22-24 February 2023) and for developing the co-design of the European Biodiversity Observation Network.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e99679

Authors: Elena Velado-Alonso, Ignasi Bartomeus, Kira Keini, Suresh Chithathur, Anna Sapundzhieva, Alexandra Korcheva, David Kleijn

Abstract: Communication and dissemination are key elements to maximise SHOWCASE project impact and ensure long‐term effects. For that, an effective communication strategy is essential to convey the principles and best practices to integrate biodiversity in farm management to favour farmers’ livelihoods while promoting conservation in agricultural landscapes. Current discourses around biodiversity, nature conservation and farming are contradictory with each other and not always engaging for SHOWCASE stakeholders. Thus, an inspirational narrative has been developed in the first months of the project by WP4 “Communicating the benefits of agrobiodiversity through multistakeholder knowledge exchange”, task 4.1. SHOWCASE narrative explains in an effective manner 1) why people care about biodiversity; 2) what we can do, and; 3) how we can do it better.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e93510

Authors: Lena Luise Schaller, Verena Scherfranz, Kati Häfner, Fabian Klebl, Jabier Ruiz, Jochen Kantelhardt, Annette Piorr

Abstract: Regulatory and incentive instruments for biodiversity management on farms (Short summary for practitioners)

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e93505

Authors: Vincent Bretagnolle, Sabrina Gaba, Amelia Hood, Simon Potts

Abstract: SHOWCASE’s first step is to create a European network of local Experimental Biodiversity Areas (EBAs), that will be used to co-develop (though to varying degrees) and test successful strategies for better integrating biodiversity into farming. EBAs are located across a wide range of agro-ecosystems and represent farming systems undergoing both intensification as well as agricultural abandonment. Rather than creating new sites for the network, the approach in SHOWCASE was that EBAs would be developed mostly from existing collaborations between scientists and practitioners. The first work Package of SHOWCASE, WP1, has built in the 10 countries an experimental and knowledge exchange network in agricultural landscapes across Europe. Existing collaborations include LTSER platforms from eLTER RI, farmer cooperatives, farming research organisations and conservation organisations. These are well-established multi-actor networks already undertaking knowledge exchange, participatory research and innovation activities. Then, participatory approaches with farmers, administrators and other stakeholders are defining operational biodiversity targets at field/farm/regional level by discussing the types and extents of biodiversity indicators that should be used. WP1 thus is building our EBA network, with each EBA serving both as a local testbed for developing and implementing novel interventions and as a knowledge exchange hub. This is a pan-European network of Experimental Biodiversity Areas. In these EBAs multi-actor communities (growers, extension workers, researchers, NGOs, citizens etc.) work together to co-develop, co-manage, co-monitor and co-evaluate biodiversity innovations to enhance farm production, wildlife protection, livelihood quality and resilience of social-ecological production systems. These multi-actor communities will i) identify and prioritise local or regional challenges of biodiversity-agricultural production trade-offs, and ii) co-formulate and test potential solutions. However, to add value at the European level and allow up- scaling and out-scaling of solutions, it is essential to have a common framework and set of core standardised methodologies and measures used by all EBAs. EBAs are expected to be somewhat representative of Europe, in terms of biogeography, farming system or agricultural intensification/abandonment. However, all EBAs are starting from different points. One main target was to develop the network of EBAs based on a core approach, though place-based, in order to provide local solutions to local challenges. A conceptual representation of an EBA is given below illustrating how each EBA will be the fundamental base and operational platform integrating the various Tasks of WP1.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e93511

Authors: Anna Sapundzhieva, Alexandra Korcheva, Georgi Zhelezov

Abstract: The following report presents the initial project branding and marketing products that showcase the project’s visual identity and overall corporate appearance.As a foundation of the future effective communication activities, a sound set of working dissemination tools and materials is crucial to be established within the first months of the project. A project logo, project promotional materials, overall visual identity package, and a public website (www.showcase-project.eu) were developed in the first 4 months of the project duration in order to form the main tools of project public visibility and internal communication.The project is provided with a logo that has been communicated and coordinated with all project partners. Dissemination materials such as the SHOWCASE brochure and poster were produced for raising awareness and engaging stakeholders at events. A project brand manual was created and circulated among project partners in order to provide a consistent visual representation of the project. A set of corporate templates was also produced and made available to the consortium partners to facilitate future dissemination and reporting activities such as letters, milestones and deliverable reports, PowerPoint presentations, etc. The project website is developed as the main dissemination channel.The longer‐term impact of the project's results will be secured by maintaining the website for a minimum of 5 years after the end of the project.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e93508

Authors: Alexandra Korcheva, Anna Sapundzhieva, Ignasi Bartomeus

Abstract: The SHOWCASE DMP is structured into five sections, which aim to establish the scope and terms of use of research data within the project in accordance with the Horizon 2020 requirements of data management.The first section provides an introduction to the plan, which outlines the main data management practices that SHOWCASE would implement throughout the five-year project duration, as well as aspects of sustainable management of results and data after the conclusion of the project period.The second section of the document provides an overview of the commitments that SHOWCASE has made in relation to handling data in a controlled and transparent way, and ensuring an open access to research data and results in line with the EU’s Open Research Data Pilot and FAIR data management.The third section describes the details of data management within the project, focusing on different aspects of the process - from data collection, through data processing, to storage and access provision. The section features information on personal data protection in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), as well as a break-down of the research data usage into project work packages. Recommendations for relevant data management practices are described in the section.The fourth section includes an overview of the specific data management details for the project work packages. The specific data formats and data management requirements of work packages are described.The fifth section of the DMP features concluding remarks on the data management strategy adopted by the project, and it outlines future updates and additions to the plan, which are going to be presented at a later stage of the project’s development.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e93507

Authors: Andrew Ruck, Erik Öckinger, Rene van der Wal, Alice Mauchline, Amelia Hood, Simon Potts, Michiel Wallis De Vries, Sabrina Gaba, Vincent Bretagnolle

Abstract: This report was researched and written between April and December 2021 by researchers at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), with support from partners at the University of Reading (UK), De Vlinderstichting (Netherlands), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, France). The report consists of a review of existing 'citizen science’ approaches to monitoring biodiversity on farmland, in which we introduce a typology of five different types of approach, and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these. This forms part of the project “SHOWCASing synergies between agriculture, biodiversity and Ecosystem services to help farmers capitalising on native biodiversity” (SHOWCASE). SHOWCASE aims to encourage the widespread uptake of biodiversity-friendly farming practices across Europe, both through identifying effective incentives for farmers, and gathering further evidence of the ecosystem services provided by increased levels of biodiversity. The project receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No.862480. In particular, this report fulfils Deliverable 3.8 within SHOWCASE: “A review of existing citizen science approaches to monitoring farmland biodiversity, including an overview of the different statistical approaches to handling citizen science data”. We at SLU are grateful to all SHOWCASE partners for their contributions.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e93509

Authors: Anna Sapundzhieva, Alexandra Korcheva, Nikol Yovcheva

Abstract: Communication, dissemination and exploitation play a vital role within SHOWCASE as the main means of ensuring knowledge transfer and uptake of results during the project lifetime and after the project is concluded. The project’s strategic objectives and target groups, as well as the key messages and narratives that the project aims to communicate serve as an orientation in the project’s actions in the relevant field. The current Plan for Exploitation and Dissemination of Results (PEDR) has been developed to define target-specific objectives and outline concrete implementation actions.The SHOWCASE PEDR represents a document that aims to guide the communication and dissemination efforts to target project-relevant audiences, convey clear, understandable, coordinated and effective messages, and reach out project results to all interested parties within the various stakeholder groups.The plan presents the different communication and dissemination tools, structured in an implementation plan according to the different target groups and different stage of development of the project. It also provides a list of tailored key performance indicators (KPI) for the project’s outreach activities that aim to provide a means to quantitatively monitor the effectiveness of dissemination activities. Indicative time schedule for implementation and updates is provided.In addition, this document will identify key project results, which will be a subject of exploitation.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e93506

Authors: Lena Luise Schaller, Verena Scherfranz, Kati Häfner, Fabian Klebl, Jabier Ruiz, Jochen Kantelhardt, Annette Piorr

Abstract: This document represents Deliverable 2.1 “Overview of regulatory and incentive instruments for biodiversity management on farms” within WP2 „Identifying incentives to promote biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes“ of the EU Horizon 2020 project SHOWCASE. It reports the outcomes of WP2 Task 2.1 “Evaluating regulatory and incentive instruments for biodiversity management on farms”.In the 1st and 2nd chapter, the report gives a short introduction of the deliverable’s objectives, the tasks addressed, the report’s outline and the main focus of the literature review.Chapter 3 gives an overview of the main laws governing biodiversity protection in the European Union. The main elements of the Birds and Habitats directives are presented, alongside other biodiversity laws and policies, with a focus on the obligations and requirements they set on agriculture in order to protect European native wildlife. Chapter 3 also covers the features of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy that operate as a regulatory baseline for all beneficiaries of farm subsidies, i.e., cross-compliance and greening requirements under the current CAP and the new conditionality in the CAP 2023-2027.Chapter 4 gives an overview of economic and non-economic approaches potentially promoting farmers’ pro-biodiversity behaviour. Whereas economically oriented approaches imply positive or negative monetary flows – compensation payments or rewards vs. penalties – to motivate farmers to implement biodiversity-friendly management practices or to prevent them from harming biodiversity, partnerships and networks steer farmers’ behaviour through agreeing on a common goal and working towards it by sharing resources, skills and risk. With regards to the agricultural focus of SHOWCASE, Chapter 4 looks in more detail at the incentives provided by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union. This covers both the current and future CAP, with an overview of how the novel eco-schemes can provide new incentives for farmers to adopt biodiversity friendly practices.Chapter 5 looks into how the combination of regulatory frameworks and incentives operate in practice for farmers in the EU. To this end, grey literature and European Commission publications related to farming for biodiversity have been reviewed. A specific focus is set on biodiversity-friendly farming in Natura 2000 sites, as central exemplary areas of continuous and long-lasting efforts in biodiversity conservation. This is followed by revising some of the main conclusions from very recent grey literature assessing the successes and failures of the CAP in relation to biodiversity.Chapter 6 provides an overview of approaches that have already been implemented to incentivize farmers’ pro-biodiversity behaviour. Based on grey literature, various types of approaches – i. e. focusing on plot or farm level, land tenure or the entire value chain, building on organic farming or including market-based, value-based or measure-based mechanisms – were identified within the EBA countries, further EU member states and selected western countries outside the EU. In sum, 62 examples of pro-biodiversity schemes were included in the further analysis representing highly divergent incentivizing mechanisms and the most important agricultural systems of the EBAs as well as in consequence serving as an information platform for further EBA scheme design activities.Based on the preceding chapters and their focus on result-based approaches, Chapter 7 casts a critical eye on their suitability with regards to various regulatory, policy, social and administrative contexts also considering potential national differences. On the international level, WTO requirements such as Green Box rules are a limiting factor with regards to result- based payment modalities and thus scheme design. On the national and regional level, issues to be considered include long-term availability of funding, guaranteeing additionality if requested, stakeholders’ and decision-makers’ attitudes towards agri-environment-climate measures in general as well as towards result-oriented approaches specifically, availability of suitable indicators and IT-systems, access to extension services and profound know-how of farmers and public authorities regarding the interlinkages between biodiversity and farming practices. On individual level, farmers’ trust in involved institutions and their willingness to participate are additionally discussed as highly relevant factors affecting the suitability of result- based approaches.In Chapter 8 a structured overview on factors influencing farmers’ willingness to promote biodiversity by implementing voluntary biodiversity measures is presented. Based on the review of scientific literature, the chapter describes several determinants which have been identified along three scales, i.e. 1) society, community and landscape, 2) farm scale, and 3) farmers’ intrinsic factors. The main influencing factors at the first scale range from the design of policies, to economic aspects, to socio-cultural norms. The second scale encompasses relevant farm characteristics, such as farm type and size to field conditions. For the farmers’ intrinsic factors age, education, experience, and self-identity play an important role. However, it is important to make a distinction between farmers’ willingness to participate in schemes and their actual behaviour, because the latter is determined by their ability to do so.Chapter 9 closes the Deliverable by giving an outlook on the further use of the results for scientific analyses within SHOWCASE, supporting mainly the work of designing interventions in WP1 and of developing surveys and model designs in WP2, as well as providing a basis for communication and policy recommendation material for WP4.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e82715

Authors: Milica Trajković, Dajana Vujaklija, Guy Ziv, Arjan Gosal, Jiaqi Ge, Jodi Gunning, Birgit Mueller, Annabelle Williams, Elisabet Nadeu

Abstract: This document has five main sections: the first one, “Developing the needs assessment protocol” which explains how we approached to different stakeholders in order to define and analyse their needs and capacities; the second section contains the report of of the interviews conducted by RISE and present the needs of Policy Makers; section three explains the needs of expert practitioners identified during the online workshop (14th and 15th of July 2020);  section four presents the needs of biophysical modeling community and section five explains the needs of ABM modellers identified from recent scholarly workshops. The results of this analysis will be taken under consideration and co-design and co-development processes.

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DOI: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e81337

Authors: Tomáš Václavík, Fanny Langerwisch, Guy Ziv, Jodi Gunning, Arjan Gosal, Michael Beckmann, Anne Paulus, Felix Wittstock, Anna Cord, Stephanie Roilo, Cristina Domingo-Marimon, Anabel Sanchez, Annelies Broekman, Dajana Vujaklija

Abstract: This document is the first version of the Guidelines and protocols harmonizing activities across case studies of the H2020 BESTMAP project. It is intended to be updated in month 40 (D1.8).

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.7.e63748

Authors: Martin Palma, Alessandro Zandonai, Luca Cattani, Johannes Klotz, Giulio Genova, Christian Brida, Norbert Andreatta, Georg Niedrist, Stefano Della Chiesa

Abstract: Easily accessible data is an essential requirement for scientific data analysis. The Data Browser Matsch | Mazia was designed to provide a fast and comprehensible solution to access, visualize and download the microclimatic measurements of the IT 25 LT(S)ER Match | Mazia research site in South Tyrol, Northern Italy, with the overall aim to provide straightforward data accessibility and enhance dissemination.Data Browser Matsch | Mazia is a user-friendly web-based application to visualize and download micrometeorological and biophysical time series of the Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research site Matsch | Mazia in South Tyrol, Italy. It is designed both for the general public and researchers. The Data Browser Matsch | Mazia drop-down menus allow the user to query the InfluxDB database in the backend by selecting the measurements, time range, land use and elevation. Interactive Grafana dashboards show dynamic graphs of the time series.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.4.e32449

Authors: Katja Seltmann, Sara Lafia, Deborah Paul, Shelley James, David Bloom, Nelson Rios, Shari Ellis, Una Farrell, Jessica Utrup, Michael Yost, Edward Davis, Rob Emery, Gary Motz, Julien Kimmig, Vaughn Shirey, Emily Sandall, Daniel Park, Christopher Tyrrell, R. Sean Thackurdeen, Matthew Collins, Vincent O'Leary, Heather Prestridge, Christopher Evelyn, Ben Nyberg

Abstract: Georeferencing is the process of aligning a text description of a geographic location with a spatial location based on a geographic coordinate system. Training aids are commonly created around the georeferencing process to disseminate community standards and ideas, guide accurate georeferencing, inform users about new tools, and help users evaluate existing geospatial data. The Georeferencing for Research Use (GRU) workshop was implemented as a training aid that focused on the creation and research use of geospatial coordinates, and included both data researchers and data providers, to facilitate communication between the groups. The workshop included 23 participants with a wide background of expertise ranging from students (undergraduate and graduate), professors, researchers and educators, scientific data managers, natural history collections personnel, and spatial analyst specialists. The conversations and survey results from this workshop demonstrate that it is important to provide opportunities for biocollections data providers to interact directly with the researchers using the data they produce and vice versa.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.3.e21774

Authors: Thibault Datry, Gabriel Singer, Eric Sauquet, Dídac Jorda-Capdevila, Daniel Von Schiller, Rachel Stubbington, Claire Magand, Petr Pařil, Marko Miliša, Vicenç Acuña, Maria Helena Alves, Bénédicte Augeard, Matthias Brunke, Núria Cid, Zoltán Csabai, Judy England, Jochen Froebrich, Phoebe Koundouri, Nicolas Lamouroux, Eugènia Martí, Manuela Morais, Antoni Munné, Michael Mutz, Vladimir Pesic, Ana Previšić, Arnaud Reynaud, Christopher Robinson, Jonathan Sadler, Nikos Skoulikidis, Benoit Terrier, Klement Tockner, David Vesely, Annamaria Zoppini

Abstract: More than half of the global river network is composed of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which are expanding in response to climate change and increasing water demands. After years of obscurity, the science of IRES has bloomed recently and it is being recognised that IRES support a unique and high biodiversity, provide essential ecosystem services and are functionally part of river networks and groundwater systems. However, they still lack protective and adequate management, thereby jeopardizing water resources at the global scale. This Action brings together hydrologists, biogeochemists, ecologists, modellers, environmental economists, social researchers and stakeholders from 14 different countries to develop a research network for synthesising the fragmented, recent knowledge on IRES, improving our understanding of IRES and translating this into a science-based, sustainable management of river networks. Deliverables will be provided through i) research workshops synthesising and addressing key challenges in IRES science, supporting research exchange and educating young researchers, and ii) researcher-stakeholder workshops translating improved knowledge into tangible tools and guidelines for protecting IRES and raising awareness of their importance and value in societal and decision-maker spheres. This Action is organized within six Working Groups to address: (i) the occurrence, distribution and hydrological trends of IRES; (ii) the effects of flow alterations on IRES functions and services; (iii) the interaction of aquatic and terrestrial biogeochemical processes at catchment scale; (iv) the biomonitoring of the ecological status of IRES; (v) synergies in IRES research at the European scale, data assemblage and sharing; (vi) IRES management and advocacy training.

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DOI: 10.3897/rio.3.e15111

Authors: Cath Traynor

Abstract: The 'Empowering Indigenous Peoples and Knowledge Systems Related to Climate Change and Intellectual Property Rights' project examines processes of open and collaborative science related to indigenous peoples knowledge, climate change and intellectual property rights. It assumes and challenges practices of open science as a process, one that should involve modes of being both open and closed. The project takes history into account when considering how indigenous peoples' are producing knowledge related to climate change and how such knowledge maybe characterized as indigenous peoples' intellectual property and/or impacted by dominant intellectual property regimes. The central questions the research is addressing are: (i) How is climate change impacting indigenous Nama and Griqua communities? (ii) How are these communities producing indigenous knowledge related to addressing climate change and offering alternative strategies? (iii)How do indigenous Nama and Griqua characterize their knowledge as indigenous intellectual property (or not) and decide to openly share their knowledge (or not) internally or with the outside public? (iv) How and what types of laws and policies (including intellectual property rights) promote and/or hinder these indigenous strategies and open collaboration with the public? The data are being collected and created to answer these main questions. Furthermore, the researchers are critically tracking the research process itself and this data will be scrutinized to provide information on the open and collaborative science process and dilemmas and tensions around openness issues.

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