Research Ideas and Outcomes :
Workshop Report
|
Corresponding author: Mohamed Ahusan (mohamed.ahusan@mmri.gov.mv)
Received: 18 Oct 2023 | Published: 01 Nov 2023
© 2023 Mohamed Ahusan, Nuria Rico-Seijo, Farah Amjad, Erika Gress, Shafiya Naeem, Toufiek Samaai, Kaveh Samimi-Namin, Lucy Woodall, Paris Stefanoudis
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Ahusan M, Rico-Seijo N, Amjad F, Gress E, Naeem S, Samaai T, Samimi-Namin K, Woodall LC, Stefanoudis PV (2023) The Nekton Maldives taxonomic workshop: Exploring the biodiversity of shallow, mesophotic and deep-sea communities in Maldives. Research Ideas and Outcomes 9: e114370. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.9.e114370
|
The Nekton Maldives Taxonomic Workshop took place at the Maniyafushi Research Station in the Maldives between 12 and 23 February 2023. This workshop had two primary objectives. Firstly, it aimed to identify species from biological samples and underwater imagery collected during the Nekton Maldives Mission in 2022. Secondly, it sought to facilitate training and knowledge exchange sessions between early career researchers from the Maldives and international taxonomists. These sessions were designed to share knowledge and introduce fundamental taxonomy concepts and enhance practical identification skills for common reef benthic groups and major zooplankton taxonomic groups. A total of 24 people from 10 different countries were directly or indirectly involved with the workshop comprising nine taxonomic experts, eleven trainees and four organisers. Collectively, we identified 278 biological specimens including potentially undescribed species of hydroids, black corals, sponges and octocorals, 318 morphotypes for underwater footage and zooplankton composition congruent with previous reports from the Indian Ocean Region. Next steps will involve depositing the specimens into a more a permanent facility to facilitate the process of specimen description and knowledge transfer.
coral reefs, benthos, fish, knowledge exchange, capacity building, Indian Ocean
The Maldives Archipelago extends 870 km along longitude, from 7 degrees north to half a degree south of the Equator. It consists of 27 atolls and roughly 1192 islands and sandbanks, as documented by
Largely comprised of coral atolls, coral reefs are an important component of the marine system in the Maldives. The size, complexity and rich diversity make the coral reefs of the Maldives globally significant, containing 3.1% of the world’s coral reefs (
The Nekton Maldives Mission aimed to investigate shallow and deeper water reefs of the Maldives (surface to ~ 1000 m), documenting biological communities, diversity and associated environmental conditions. The collected data will support a better understanding of the Maldives' deep ocean marine ecosystems and their current state and will help to clarify the impact of human activities on these living systems. Additionally, the data will be used to investigate the biogeographic patterns of life across the Indian Ocean. The scientific study of the Maldives' deep ocean ecosystems is critical for providing data that provides information for decision-making regarding sustainable management and conservation of marine resources.
The fieldwork for the Expedition took place between the 4 September and 6 October 2022 onboard the RV Odyssey. It focused on seven sites, stretching from N Malé to Addu Atoll, covering a distance of 590 km in latitude (Fig.
The taxonomic workshop was identified as a key post-expedition activity during the inception of the scientific programme. This workshop was designed both to accelerate the identification of collected data and specimens and to share knowledge about taxonomy amongst researchers at different career stages. The Workshop was co-organised by Maldives Marine Research Institute (MMRI) and Nekton and conducted at Maniyafushi Research Station on Maniyafushi, Maldives between 12 and 23 February 2023.
The workshop structure follows:
Name |
Role |
Affiliation |
Country of Institutional Affiliation |
Country of Origin |
Mohammed Ahusan |
Co-organiser; Fisheries Researcher |
Maldives Marine Research Institute |
Maldives |
Maldives |
Farah Amjad |
Co-organiser; Benthic Ecologist |
Nekton Foundation |
Maldives |
Maldives |
Nuria Rico Seijo |
Co-organiser; Zooplankton Ecologist |
Nekton Foundation |
United Kingdom |
Spain |
Paris Stefanoudis |
Co-organiser; Benthic and Fish Ecologist |
Nekton Foundation; University of Oxford |
United Kingdom |
Greece |
Dave Conway |
Zooplankton Taxonomist |
Marine Biological Association of the UK |
United Kingdom |
United Kingdom |
Erika Gress |
Black Coral Taxonomist |
James Cook University |
Australia |
Mexico |
Toufiek Samaai |
Sponge Taxonomist |
Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment |
South Africa |
South Africa |
Kaveh-Samimi Namin |
Octocoral Taxonomist |
Naturalis Biodiversity Center |
Netherlands |
Iran |
Maria Moreno Alcántara* |
Mollusc Taxonomist |
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit |
Mexico |
Mexico |
Jennifer Olbers* |
Brittle and Basket Star Taxonomist |
WildTrusts |
South Africa |
South Africa |
Sylvia Jiménez Rosenberg* |
Ichthyoplankton Taxonomist |
CICIMAR-IPN |
Mexico |
Mexico |
Mariyam Shidha Afzal* |
Hard coral Taxonomist |
University of the Ryukyus |
Japan |
Maldives |
Udeshika Wimalasiri* |
Copepod Taxonomist |
Institute of Tropical Marine Science |
Sri Lanka |
Sri Lanka |
Hassan Ahmed |
Trainee |
Save the Beach Maldives |
Maldives |
Maldives |
Raidh Ameen |
Trainee |
Small Island Research Group |
Maldives |
Maldives |
Ahmed Fizal |
Trainee |
Individual |
Maldives |
Maldives |
Irthisham Hassan |
Trainee |
Maldives whale shark research programme |
Maldives |
Maldives |
Hussain Khalid |
Trainee |
Individual |
Maldives |
Maldives |
Fathimath Shazra Mueen |
Trainee |
Maldives Marine Research Institute |
Maldives |
Maldives |
Hawwa Nabaaha Nashid |
Trainee |
Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Technology |
Maldives |
Maldives |
Ahmed Haiman Rasheed |
Trainee |
MTCC |
Maldives |
Maldives |
Eenas Mohamed Riyaz |
Trainee |
Environment Protection Agency |
Maldives |
Maldives |
Fathmath Shuhaina |
Trainee |
Baros Maldives - Universal Enterprise |
Maldives |
Maldives |
Ibrahim Yaish |
Trainee |
Maldives Marine Research Institute |
Maldives |
Maldives |
*Indicates taxonomists that participated in the workshop remotely, by giving an online lecture. |
19 Feb 2023 |
20 Feb 2023 |
21 Feb 2023 |
22 Feb 2023 |
23 Feb 2023 |
|||||
0800-0830 Lecture - Nekton Maldives Mission (Paris Stefanoudis) |
0800-0830 Lecture - Nekton Maldives Mission Sample Collection (Nuria Rico Seijo) |
0800-0900 Online Lecture - Fish larvae (Sylvia Jiménez Rosenberg) |
0800-0900 Online Lecture - Molluscs (María Moreno) |
0900-1000 Lecture on Maldives Marine Research Institute Current Research (Mohamed Ahusan) + Group Photo |
|||||
0830-1000 Participant Speed Presentations |
0830-0900 Lecture - Nekton Maldives Mission Video Collection (Paris Stefanoudis) |
||||||||
0900-1000 Lecture - Black Corals (Erika Gress) |
0900-1000 Online Lecture - Copepods (Udeshika Wimalasiri) |
0900-1000 Practical: Neuston Net in The Water |
|||||||
1000-1100 Welcoming Ceremony by the Minister of Fisheries |
1000-1030 Tea Break |
1000-1030 Tea Break |
1000-1030 Tea Break |
1000-1200 Sample curation; Cleaning lab spaces; Packing |
|||||
10.30-11.30 Lecture – Octocorals (Kaveh Samimi-Namin) |
1030-1130 Online Lecture - Brittle Stars (Jennifer Olbers) |
1030-1130 Online Lecture - Scleractinians (Mariam Shida) |
|||||||
1100-1200 Lecture - Zooplankton (Dave Conway) |
1130-1200 Taster ID and training session (Group A) - Black Corals (Erika Gress) |
1130-1200 Taster ID and training session (Group B) - Octocorals (Kaveh Samimi-Namin) |
1130-1200 Studying samples related to the lectures / Zooplankton net sampling demonstration |
1130-1200 Looking at samples related to the lectures |
|||||
1200-1300 Lunch Break |
1200-1300 Lunch Break |
1200-1300 Lunch Break |
1200-1300 Lunch Break |
1200-1300 Lunch Brea |
|||||
1300-1400 Lecture – Sponges (Toufiek Samaai) |
1300-1400 Taster ID and training session (Group A) (continued) - Black Corals (Erika Gress) |
1300-1400 Taster ID and training session (Group B) (continued) - Octocorals (Kaveh Samimi-Namin) |
1300-1400 Studying samples related to the lectures (continued) |
1300-1400 Looking at samples related to the lectures (continued) |
1300-1600 Sample curation; Cleaning lab spaces; Packing |
||||
1400-1530 Taster ID and training session (Group A) - Sponges (Toufiek Samaai) |
1400-1530 Taster ID and training session (Group B) - Zooplankton (Dave Conway) |
1400-1530 Taster ID and training session (Group B) - Black Corals (Erika Gress) |
1400-1530 Taster ID and training session (Group A) - Octocorals (Kaveh Samimi-Namin) |
1400-1545 In-depth ID and training session - Octocorals (Kaveh Samimi-Namin) |
1400-1545 In-depth ID and training session - Copepods and Fish larvae (Dave Conway & Nuria Rico-Seijo) |
1400-1545 Training session - Video Morphotype Screening and Intro to SeaGIS Video Annotation Software (Paris Stefanoudis & Farah Amjad) |
1615-1800 In-depth ID and training session - Other zooplankton groups not covered in lectures (Dave Conway & Nuria Rico-Seijo) |
1700 - All transported to Male |
|
1530-1615 Tea Break |
1530-1615 Tea Break |
1545-1615 Tea Break |
1545-1615 Tea Break |
||||||
1615-1745 Taster ID and training session (Group B) - Sponges (Toufiek Samaai) |
1615-1745 Taster ID and training session (Group A) - Zooplankton (Dave Conway) |
16.15-17.15 Lecture Decapods (Dave Conway) |
1615-1800 In-depth ID and training session - Black Corals (Erika Gress) |
1615-1800 In-depth ID and training session - Decapods (Dave Conway & Nuria Rico-Seijo) |
1615-1800 In-depth ID and training session - Sponges (Toufiek Samaai) |
1615-1800 In-depth ID and training session - Molluscs (Dave Conway & Nuria Rico-Seijo) |
A total of 24 people from 10 different countries were directly or indirectly involved with the workshop, with diverse affiliations ranging from Universities and Research Institutes to Governmental Departments and Non-Governmental Organisations (Table
Workshop Group Photo. Bottom left to right: Hassan Ahmed, Farah Amjad, Nuria Rico-Seijo, Hawwa Nabaaha Nashid, Fathimath Shazra Mueen, Fathmath Shuhaina and Eenas Mohamed Riyaz. Top left to right: Ahmed Haiman Rasheed, Raidh Ameen, Hussain Khalid, Kaveh Samimi-Namin, Toufiek Samaai, Dave Conway, Paris Stefanoudis, Mohammed Ahusan, Ibrahim Yaish, Erika Gress, Ahmed Fizal and Irthisham Zareer.
During the workshop, we identified 271 biological specimens including octocorals (49), ophiuroids (brittle stars) (39), decapods (28), antipatharians (black corals) (25), sponges (18) and other groups. In addition, we identified at least 318 morphotypes (morphologically similar individuals that often corresponded to genus or family-level and more rarely to species-level classifications) from underwater footage (e.g. Fig.
Preliminary screening of zooplankton samples revealed a great diversity of taxonomic groups, with copepods, appendicularians, chaetognaths, gastropods and decapod larvae dominating communities, which was congruent with previous reports from the Indian Ocean Region (
Taxonomic knowledge exchange and learning sessions proved successful and beneficial for the participants. In total, 12.5 hours of lectures were delivered, 7 hours in-person and 5 hours online. Additionally, participants received 22 hours of hands-on lab practice on different aspects of taxonomic identification, including sub-sampling from specimens, sample processing, preservation, curation and making permanent slides for detailed analysis. Most importantly, the experts guided the participants on identifying specimens, based on macro and microscopic morphological features.
During the 2-week workshop, several encounters with marine fauna were made. Snorkelling excursions around the island after the end of lectures/practicals and in a nearby sandbank about 2 km north of Maniyafushi during the weekend, resulted in frequent observations of the reef-building genera Porites (including massive colonies and the branching Porites rus) and Pocillopora, with crustose coralline algae, soft corals (e.g. Sarcophyton) also occasionally common. The most common reef fishes included red snapper (Lutjanus bohar), surgeonfish (e.g. Acanthurus leucosternon), triggerfish (Balistidae) and damselfish (Pomacanthidae). Juveniles of black-tip and white-tip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus and Triaenodon obesus) were also observed during snorkel surveys.
Bioluminescence was commonly observed at night Fig.
Finally, one of the most iconic animals that inhabit Maniyafushi were ghost crabs (Ocypode). Their burrows form an integral part of the coastal landscape (Fig.
The authors believe the specimens collected from the expedition are the first major collection of taxa greater than 30 m from the Maldives. The specimens currently stored in preservation fluids, primarily ethanol and kept refrigerated at Maniyafushi. However, due to the pressing need for proper storage facilities, MMRI and Nekton are actively seeking a suitable partner to loan the specimens to until the Maldives establishes the necessary infrastructure and skills to maintain them indefinitely.
Furthermore, any descriptions of new species can only be published once the specimens have been assigned an accession number and deposited in a museum or another registerd institution. Therefore, the specimens need to be deposited into a better storage facility to ensure that their scientific value is not compromised.
To facilitate the process of specimen description and knowledge transfer, MMRI and Nekton have engaged experts who are interested in working with the specimens. They aim to establish a collaborative mechanism to enable knowledge and expertise transfer to occur alongside the process of specimen description. This will involve sharing expertise in taxonomy, systematics and other relevant fields to ensure the accurate identification and description of the collected specimens.
In summary, the next steps involve depositing the specimens into a more resilient storage facility until a permanent facility can be identified and collaborating with experts to facilitate the process of specimen description and knowledge transfer. This will ensure that the scientific value of the specimens is preserved and they can be used to advance understanding of deep-sea taxa from the Maldives.
We acknowledge the hospitality of the staff at Maniyafushi, who went beyond their duties to make the participant’s stay enjoyable and feel welcomed. We also thank Denise Swanborn for producing Figure 1.
Since this workshop would not have been possible without the samples and data collected during the Nekton Maldives Mission, we would like to thank the extensive coalition of partners with diverse skills and backgrounds who made the expedition possible.
Specifically, we would like to thank Nekton's mission partners Omega for their unwavering faith and support in the Nekton Maldives expedition. We would also like to thank Nekton's strategic partners, UK FCDO, Associated Press, Teledyne Marine, Sonardyne, SAAB Seaeye, Kensington Tours, Helly Hansen and South African Institute of Aquatic Biology (SAIAB), for critical contributions and support.
In addition, we would like to thank collaborating partners for their support with the mission including Commonwealth Blue Charter, University of Oxford, Paralenz (Subsea Imaging), REV Ocean (Submersible) Priavo (Safety & Maritime Security), Encounter EDU (Submarine STEM), Great Campaign, EYOS (Expedition logistics), Institute of Marine Engineering, Science & Technology (IMarEST) and Alfametal (specialist Engineering).
Many thanks goes to partners in Maldives, who gave up their time and shared their knowledge to ensure a successful expedition, including: Maldives Marine Research Institute, Maldives (MMRI), government agencies that facilitated logistics and necessary clearances, Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF) Atoll and Island Councils, diver and fisher communities, marine NGOs of the islands neighbouring the survey sites, Blue Marine Foundation, UK (BMF), Maldives Resilient Reefs, Maldives (MRR) and the Small Island Research Group, Maldives (SIRG).
We would also like to thank international scientific partners including Ministry of Earth Sciences, India (MES), University of Aberdeen, UK (UoA), University of Galway, Ireland (UoG), Boston University, (BU), University of Oxford (UoO), and Nelson Mandela University, South Africa (NMU).
Finally thanks to all those individuals who helped to make this possible, including all the Expedition participants, those involved in the Nekton office team (Lisa Hynes, Alex Murphy), the Nekton Expedition Committee (Rob McCallum, Callum Roberts, Emily Penn and Paul Crowther) and Nekton trustees (Juliet Burnet,, Rupert Grey (Chair), Paul Jardine, Will Goodlad, Vanessa Rice and Angelique Pouponneau) without whose support this expedition would have not been possible.
This is Nekton Contribution No 37.
Maldives Marine Research Institute
All biological specimens processed during the workshop had appropriate permits in place, issued by the Government of Maldives.
M.A. and P.V.S. prepared the original draft of the report. All authors contributed, provided feedback, reviewed and approved the final version.