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https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e180508 (27 Nov 2025)

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doi: 10.3897/arphapreprints.e180508

Received: 26 Nov 2025 | Published: 27 Nov 2025

This article is part of:

PollinERA – Understanding pesticide-Pollinator interactions to support EU Environmental Risk Assessment and policy

Edited by Christopher John Topping, Fabio Sgolastra, Emilio Benfenati, Andreas Focks, Maj Rundlöf, Xiaodong Duan

Authors

Christopher John Topping - Corresponding author

Social-Ecological Systems Simulation Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark

https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/persons/christopher-john-topping(3657f978-a9fb-4de7-8d99-1a4d57d3d879).html

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Noa Simon Delso

BeeLife, Brussels, Belgium

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James Henty Williams

Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Johan Axelman

KemI, Stockholm, Sweden

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Author contributions

All authors contributed to the text and concepts.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Supporting agencies

EC - European Commission

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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