Global functional trait distributions of palms (n = 2469) and frugivorous consumers (n = 3835, incl. birds and mammals), showing large-scale co-variation between (a) palm fruit size (length in cm) and (b) consumer body size (mass in kg). Symbols are plotted for the mass centroids of geographic units ('botanical countries', TDWG level 3 units) and represent mean values across all species in a given unit. Values are calculated across a total of 29,032 species-level occurrences (5,218 for palms, 23,814 for consumers).